目录
- C# VS JAVA 基础语法类比篇:
- 一、匿名类
- 二、类型初始化
- 三、委托(方法引用)
- 四、Lambda表达式
- 五、泛型
- 六、自动释放
- 七、重写(override)
- ASP.NET CORE VS Spring Boot 框架部署类比篇:
- 一、引用依赖(包)
- 二、依赖注入 DI (IOC容器)
- 三、过滤器、拦截器 AOP
- 四、配置读取
- 五、发布、部署、运行
我(梦在旅途,http://zuowj.cnblogs.com; http://www.zuowenjun.cn)最近发表的一篇文章《.NET CORE与Spring Boot编写控制台程序应有的优雅姿势》看到都上48小时阅读排行榜(当然之前发表的文章也有哦!),说明关注.NET CORE及Spring Boot的人很多,也是目前的主流方向,于是我便决定系统性的总结一下C# 与JAVA 、ASP.NET CORE 与 Spring Boot MVC,让更多的人了解它们,消除之前可能存在的对.NET或JAVA的误解。
本文目的是通过全面简述C# 与JAVA 在基础语法以及ASP.NET CORE 与 Spring Boot MVC的在框架规范、部署、运行的异曲同工的实现方式,让大家更多的了解C#与JAVA,本文不会刻意说哪门语言好,我认为这是没有意义的,更多的是了解每种语言的特点、优点以及不同语言的共性,掌握编程内功(如:面向对象、DI、AOP、设计模式、算法),这样才能让自己更能适应社会及未来的变化。
本文主要以示例代码为主,辅以简单文字说明,不会细讲每个语法点,只会体现不同的实现方式而矣,全文无废话,全是干货,慢慢欣赏吧。
(注:本文内容是使用Markdown编辑器进行编辑完成!)
C# VS JAVA 基础语法类比篇:
一、匿名类
C#(直接new{},在{}中直接定义只读公开属性或委托方法,无需预先定义任何接口或类)
#region 1.匿名类 var helloWord = new { CodeBy = "C#匿名类", Output = new Action<string, string>((name, codeBy) => { System.Console.WriteLine($"Welcome:{name},Hello Word! by {codeBy}"); }) }; helloWord.Output("梦在旅途", helloWord.CodeBy); #endregion
JAVA(需要先定义接口或类,然后 new 接口或类的构造函数{},{}内实现接口方法或重写父类接口)
//1.匿名类 IHelloWord helloWord=new IHelloWord() { @Override public void output(String name) { System.out.printf("Welcome:%s,Hello Word! by %s\n",name,getCodeBy()); } @Override public String getCodeBy() { return "JAVA匿名类"; } }; helloWord.output("梦在旅途"); public interface IHelloWord { void output(String name); String getCodeBy(); }
二、类型初始化
C#(IList类型(Dictionary、List)直接在new 类型{},在{}内直接使用{key,value}或{value}方式添加集合元素,其实是隐式调用了add方法)
#region 2.类型初始化 Dictionary<string, string> map = new Dictionary<string, string> { { "key1","value1" },//(隐式自动调用add方法) { "key2", "value2" }, { "key3", "value3" } }; foreach (var item in map) { System.Console.WriteLine($"key:{item.Key},value:{item.Value}"); } List<string> list = new List<string> { "list-item1",//(隐式自动调用add方法) "list-item2", "list-item3" }; foreach (string item in list) { System.Console.WriteLine(item); } String[] strArr = { "arr1", "arr2", "arr3" }; foreach (string item in strArr) { System.Console.WriteLine(item); } Person person = new Person { Name = "梦在旅途", Age = 23, Sex = "男" }; string json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(person); System.Console.WriteLine("Person json:" + json); #endregion
JAVA(new集合类型{},并在{}内再次使用{},即{{赋值 }},在双大括号内进行赋值操作,省略类名,这个特点有点类似VB及VB.NET的with语句,大家有兴趣可以了解一下,数组的初始化与C#相同,都可以直接在定义数组的时候在{}中给定元素)
//2.类型初始化 Map<String,String> map=new HashMap(){ { put("key1","value1"); put("key2","value2"); put("key3","value3"); } }; for (Map.Entry<String, String> item:map.entrySet()) { System.out.printf("key:%1$s,value:%2$s\n",item.getKey(),item.getValue()); } List<String> list=new ArrayList(){ { add("list-item1"); add("list-item2"); add("list-item3"); } }; for (String item :list) { System.out.printf("%s\n",item); } String[] strArr={"arr1","arr2","arr3"}; for (String item :strArr) { System.out.printf("%s\n",item); } Person person=new Person(){ { setName("zwj"); setAge(32); setSex("男"); } }; ObjectMapper jsonMapper=new ObjectMapper(); String json= jsonMapper.writeValueAsString(person); System.out.println("Person json:" + json);
三、委托(方法引用)
C#(委托定义使用delegate关键字,后面就跟方法答名定义【不含方法体】,可委托普通方法,静态方法,有很多的现成的预定义委托类型,如:Action<T0...T16>,Func<T0...T16,TOut>各有16个重载)
#region 3.委托 delegate void HelloDelegate(string name);//定义委托类型(重点是方法签名) //常规普通自定义委托类型及委托相应的方法 HelloWord helloWordObj = new HelloWord(); HelloDelegate helloDelegate = helloWordObj.Output; //委托实例方法 helloDelegate.Invoke("梦在旅途");// OR helloDelegate("梦在旅途"); HelloDelegate helloDelegate2 = HelloWord.OutputForStatic; //委托类的静态方法 helloDelegate2.Invoke("zuowenjun"); // OR helloDelegate2("zuowenjun"); //使用通用的已封装好的委托类型(如:Func、Action)并实例化 Func<int, int, int> multiplyFunc = new Func<int, int, int>(delegate (int a, int b) { return a * b; }); int x = 12, y = 25; int multiplyResult = multiplyFunc.Invoke(x, y); //OR multiplyFunc(x,y); System.Console.WriteLine($"{x}乘以{y}等于:{multiplyResult}"); Action<string> helloAction = new Action<string>(delegate (string name) { System.Console.WriteLine($"hello,{name},how are you!"); System.Console.WriteLine("learning keep moving!"); }); helloAction.Invoke("www.zuowenjun.cn"); #endregion
JAVA(定义委托需要先定义委托类型【即:函数式接口,规则:接口[email protected]+一个方法定义】,然后就可以普通方法,静态方法,有很多的现成的预定义委托类型【即:函数式接口】,如:BiFunction,Consumer等)
//3.委托 HelloWord helloWordObj = new HelloWord(); HelloWordDelegate helloWordDelegate = helloWordObj::output; helloWordDelegate.invoke("梦在旅途"); HelloWordDelegate helloWordDelegate2 = HelloWord::outputForStatic; helloWordDelegate2.invoke("zuowenjun"); //使用已封装好的委托方法(JAVA这边称:函数式接口,有很多详见:https://www.runoob.com/java/java8-functional-interfaces.html) BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> multiplyFunc = new BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer>() { @Override public Integer apply(Integer i, Integer i2) { return i * i2; } }; int x = 12, y = 25; int multiplyResult = multiplyFunc.apply(x, y); System.out.printf("%d乘以%d等于:%d%n", x, y, multiplyResult); Consumer<String> helloAction=new Consumer<String>() { @Override public void accept(String s) { System.out.printf("hello,%s,how are you!%n",s); System.out.printf("learning keep moving!%n"); } }; helloAction.accept("www.zuowenjun.cn"); @FunctionalInterface public interface HelloWordDelegate { void invoke(String name); } public class HelloWord implements IHelloWord { @Override public void output(String name) { System.out.printf("Welcome:%s,Hello Word! by %s\n",name,getCodeBy()); } public static void outputForStatic(String name){ System.out.printf("Welcome:%s,Hello Word! by JAVA static\n",name); } @Override public String getCodeBy() { return "JAVA"; } }
四、Lambda表达式
C#(使用(入参)=>{方法处理体},与要传入或要实例化的委托方法签名相同即可)
#region 4.Lambda Func<int, int, int> multiplyFunc2 = new Func<int, int, int>((a, b) => a * b); int x2 = 12, y2 = 25; int multiplyResult2 = multiplyFunc2.Invoke(x2, y2); //OR multiplyFunc(x,y); System.Console.WriteLine($"{x2}乘以{y2}等于:{multiplyResult2}"); Action<string> helloAction2 = new Action<string>(name => { System.Console.WriteLine($"hello,{name},how are you!"); System.Console.WriteLine("learning keep moving!"); }); helloAction2.Invoke("www.zuowenjun.cn"); int[] intArr = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }; intArr = intArr.Where(i => i >= 5).ToArray(); foreach (int i in intArr) { System.Console.WriteLine($"int-{i}"); } string msg = "测试外部变量被Lambda引用"; Action testMsgAction = () => { msg += "--改变内容"; System.Console.WriteLine("Lambda方法体中的值:" + msg); }; testMsgAction(); System.Console.WriteLine("原始值:" + msg); #endregion
JAVA(使用(入参)->{方法处理体},与要传入或要实例化的方法签名相同,且传入或实例化的类型必需是函数式接口【可以理解为自定义的委托类型】,注意与C#不同,Lambda方法体内不能引用外部非final的变量,与C# Lambda有本质不同)
//4.Lambda BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> multiplyFunc = (i1, i2) -> i1 * i2; int x = 12, y = 25; int multiplyResult = multiplyFunc.apply(x, y); System.out.printf("%d乘以%d等于:%d%n", x, y, multiplyResult); Consumer<String> helloAction= s -> { System.out.printf("hello,%s,how are you!%n",s); System.out.printf("learning keep moving!%n"); }; helloAction.accept("www.zuowenjun.cn"); int[] intArr = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }; intArr= Arrays.stream(intArr).filter(value -> value>=5).toArray(); for (int n : intArr) { System.out.printf("int-%d%n",n); }
五、泛型
C#(真泛型,不同的泛型类型参数视为不同的类型,有泛型接口,泛型类,泛型方法,泛型委托,泛型约束:in表示逆变【泛型参数父类型转子类型,属于消费者,一般用于入参】,out 表示协变【泛型参数子类型转父类型】,只有委托、接口才支持可变性)
#region 5.泛型 //常用泛型集合类型 List<int> intList = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }; List<long> longList = new List<long> { 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 6L, 7L, 8L, 9L }; Dictionary<string, string> dic = new Dictionary<string, string> { { "k1","v1"},{ "k2","v2"},{ "k3","v3"} }; //泛型方法 var demo = new DemoGenericClass(); //demo.DisplayResult("学习永无止境"); 错误,因为约束是值类型 demo.DisplayResult(ConsoleColor.DarkGreen); List<YellowPerson> yellowPersonList = new List<YellowPerson> { new YellowPerson(){ Name="zzz",Age=11,Sex="G"}, new YellowPerson(){ Name="xxx",Age=22,Sex="B"} }; //协变(泛型参数子类转父类) //public interface IEnumerable<out T> IEnumerable<YellowPerson> yellowPersons = yellowPersonList; IEnumerable<Person> persons = yellowPersons;//协变(子类到父类的转变) ,泛型参数 out标记,一般用于出参,这个正确的 // List<Person> personList = yellowPersonList; 因为List是类,而且泛型参数并没有标记out,不适用协变,故这样转换是错误的 foreach (var p in persons) { System.Console.WriteLine($"item :【Name={p.Name},Age={p.Age},Sex={p.Sex},Color={p.Color}】"); } //逆变(泛型参数父类转子类) Action<object, object> showPlusResultAction = (d1, d2) => Console.WriteLine($"{d1}+{d2}={d1.ToString() + d2.ToString()}"); Action<string, string> showStrPlusResultAction = showPlusResultAction;//逆变(父类到子类的转变),泛型参数 in标记,一般用于入参 showPlusResultAction(55, 66); showStrPlusResultAction("你好", "中国"); ShowMsg<Person> showMsg = new ShowMsg<Person>((p) => { System.Console.WriteLine($"ShowMsg :【Name={p.Name},Age={p.Age},Sex={p.Sex},Color={p.Color}】"); }); //ShowMsg<HelloWord> showMsg2 = new ShowMsg<HelloWord>(...); 这样是不行的,因为泛型约束为需继承自Person showMsg.Invoke(new Person() { Name = "zuowenjun", Age = 33, Sex = "B" }); showMsg.Invoke(new YellowPerson() { Name = "zuowenjun2", Age = 33, Sex = "B" }); //综合演示:入参逆变,出参协变 Func<Person, Person, string> getDataFunc = (x, y) => x.Name + y.Name; Func<YellowPerson, YellowPerson, object> getDataFunc2 = getDataFunc; object dataResult = getDataFunc2(new YellowPerson() { Name = "张三", Age = 33, Sex = "G" }, new YellowPerson() { Name = "赵六", Age = 33, Sex = "B" }); System.Console.WriteLine($"getDataFunc2:{dataResult}"); List<int> a = new List<int>(); List<String> b = new List<string>(); bool isEqual = (a.GetType() == b.GetType()); System.Console.WriteLine($"List<int> 与 List<String> {(isEqual ? "is" : "not")} Equal ");//结果是不相等 #endregion //以上示例需要用到的类 public class BaseClass { /// <summary> /// 必需是用virtual标记的方法(即:虚方法)或abstract标记的方法(即:抽象方法)子类才能使用override进行重写 /// </summary> /// <param name="name"></param> public virtual void SayHello(string name) { System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(BaseClass)} Say:{name},hello!"); } } public class DemoGenericClass : BaseClass, IDisposable { public void DisplayResult<T>(T arg) where T : struct { System.Console.WriteLine($"DemoGenericClass.DisplayResult:{arg}"); } public void Dispose() { System.Console.WriteLine("DemoGenericClass Disposed"); } public override void SayHello(string name) { base.SayHello(name); System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(DemoGenericClass)} Say:{name},hello again!"); } } public class Person { public virtual Color Color { get; } public string Name { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public string Sex { get; set; } } public class BlackPerson : Person { public override Color Color => Color.Black; } public class YellowPerson : Person { public override Color Color => Color.Yellow; } public class WhitePerson : Person { public override Color Color => Color.White; }
JAVA(伪泛型,编译后类型参数擦除,同一个泛型类型不同的泛型参数类型相同,有泛型接口,泛型类,泛型方法,泛型约束:super限定下边界,逆变,用于入参,属于消费者,extends限定上边界,协变,用于出参,属于生产者,还有?通匹符)
//常用泛型集合 List<Integer> intList = new ArrayList(){ { add(1); add(2); add(3); add(4); add(5); } }; Map<String,String> map=new HashMap(){ { put("k1","v1"); put("k2","v2"); put("k3","v3"); } }; //泛型方法 DemoGenericClass demo=new DemoGenericClass(); demo.displayResult(new YellowPerson(){{ setName("zwj");setSex("B");setAge(33); }}); List<Integer> a=new ArrayList<>(); List<String> b=new ArrayList<>(); boolean isEqual =(a.getClass()==b.getClass()); System.out.printf("List<Integer>与List<String> %s Equal %n",isEqual?"is":"not"); //结果是相等,都是同一个List类型,不能使用instanceof判断泛型类型实例 //协变、逆变(详见说明:https://www.jianshu.com/p/2bf15c5265c5 ,意义与C#相同) List<? super Person> persons=new ArrayList<>(); //super:限定下边界,逆变,用于入参 persons.add(new Person(){ { setName("张三"); setAge(25); setSex("B"); } }); persons.add(new YellowPerson(){ { setName("赵六"); setAge(18); setSex("G"); } }); List<? extends Person> result= (List<? extends Person>) persons;//extends:限定上边界,协变,用于出参 for (Person p:result){ System.out.printf("Person list item:%s %n",p.toString()); } //以上示例需要用到的类 public class DemoGenericClass implements AutoCloseable { @Override public void close() throws Exception { System.out.println("DemoGenericClass closed"); } public <T extends Person> void displayResult(T arg) //泛型约束(泛型参数上边界,协变) { System.out.printf("DemoGenericClass.DisplayResult:%s %n",arg.toString()); } } public class Person { private String name; private int age; private String sex; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public String getSex() { return sex; } public void setSex(String sex) { this.sex = sex; } @Override public String toString() { return String.format("Person=[Name:%s,Age:%d,Sex:%s] %n", name, age, sex); } } class YellowPerson extends Person { @Override public String toString() { return "YellowPerson#toString-"+ super.toString(); } }
六、自动释放
C#(采用using包裹,要实现自动释放必需实现IDisposable接口)
using (var demo2 = new DemoGenericClass()) //DemoGenericClass实现IDisposable接口 { demo2.DisplayResult(123456); }
JAVA(采用try包裹,要实现自动释放必需实现AutoCloseable接口)
try(DemoGenericClass demo=new DemoGenericClass()) { demo.displayResult(new YellowPerson(){ { setName("zuowenjun"); setAge(33); setSex("B"); } }); }
七、重写(override)
C#(必需是用virtual标记的方法(即:虚方法)或abstract标记的方法(即:抽象方法)子类才能使用override进行重写,重写后父类的方法将被子类取代,若需在子类中执行父类被重写的方法,应使用base关键字,若父类方法非虚方法或抽象方法但又想“重写”怎么办?则只能使用new覆盖方法,覆盖方法与重写方法的不同之处在于,在父类中仍可以正常执行父类的方法而不会执行子类的覆盖方法,覆盖方法的方法签名、访问修饰符均没有严格限制,即使不相同仍不会报错,但IDE会有提示,如需真正覆盖父类方法,则应按照重写的规范来,只是使用new来修饰覆盖方法,但覆盖方法与重写方法有本质不同,一般情况下更建议使用重写方法)
C#所有类的普通方法默认是密封方法(类似JAVA的final方法),是不允许被重写,可以理解为默认是不开放的,需要开放重写的方法必需使用virtual标记为虚方法(虚方法至少是protected及以上的访问权限),若重写后不想被后续的子类再次重写,则可以标记为sealed,即:密封方法
public class BaseClass { /// <summary> /// 必需是用virtual标记的方法(即:虚方法)或abstract标记的方法(即:抽象方法)子类才能使用override进行重写 /// </summary> /// <param name="name"></param> public virtual void SayHello(string name) { System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(BaseClass)} Say:{name},hello!"); } } public class DemoGenericClass : BaseClass { public override void SayHello(string name) { base.SayHello(name); System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(DemoGenericClass)} Say:{name},hello again!"); } }
JAVA(非private 且非 final 修饰的普通方法默认均可在子类中进行重写,重写要求基本与C#相同,只是无需强制Override关键字,但建议仍使用@Override注解,以便IDE进行重写规范检查,重写后父类的方法将被子类取代,若需在子类中执行父类被重写的方法,应使用super关键字)
JAVA所有类的普通方法默认是虚方法,都是可以被重写,可以理解为默认是开放重写的,若不想被重写则应标记为final ,即:最终方法(C#中称密封方法)
public class BaseClass{ public void testOutput(String msg){ System.out.println("output Msg:" + msg); } } public class DemoGenericClass extends BaseClass { @Override public void testOutput(String msg){ super.testOutput(msg); System.out.println("output again Msg:" + msg); } }
ASP.NET CORE VS Spring Boot 框架部署类比篇:
一、引用依赖(包)
C#(编辑csproj文件,可以通过PackageReference引用包、ProjectReference引用同一个解决方案下的其它项目,Reference引用本地DLL组件,csproj除了引用包以外,还可以通过在PropertyGroup元素下配置相关的属性,比如TargetFramework指定SDK框架版本等)
.NET项目的包是NuGet包,可以从nuget.org上查找浏览所需的包,项目中引用依赖包,除了在csproj文件中使用PackageReference添加编辑外(具体用法参见:项目文件中的包引用 (PackageReference))还可以使用package manager控制台使用包管理命令,如:
Install-Package ExcelEasyUtil -Version 1.0.0
,或者直接使用.NET CLI命令行工具,如:dotnet add package ExcelEasyUtil --version 1.0.0
.NET有包、元包、框架 之分,详细了解:包、元包和框架
<!--包引用--> <ItemGroup> <PackageReference Include="Autofac.Extras.DynamicProxy" Version="4.5.0" /> <PackageReference Include="Autofac" Version="4.9.2" /> <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.App" /> <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Web.CodeGeneration.Design" Version="2.1.1" /> <PackageReference Include="Autofac.Extensions.DependencyInjection" Version="4.4.0" /> </ItemGroup> <!--同一解方案下的项目引用--> <ItemGroup> <ProjectReference Include="..\StandardClassLib2019\StandardClassLib2019.csproj" /> </ItemGroup> <!--本地组件直接引用--> <ItemGroup> <Reference Include="KYExpress.Common"> <HintPath>xxxx\xxxx.dll</HintPath> <Private>true</Private> </Reference> </ItemGroup>
JAVA(编辑POM 文件,通过dependencies.dependency来声明引入多个依赖,根据scope可以指定依赖的有效作用范围)
<dependencies> <!--maven包依赖--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId> </dependency> <!--本地JAR包依赖(scope=system,systemPath=jar包存放目录)--> <dependency> <groupId>cn.zuowenjun.boot.mybatis.plugin</groupId> <artifactId>cn.zuowenjun.boot.mybatis.plugin</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> <scope>system</scope> <systemPath>${basedir}/src/main/libs/xxxxx.jar</systemPath> </dependency> <!--同一父项目Module之间依赖,注意这个必需先创建基于POM的父项目,然后各子Moudle 的POM 的parent指向父项目--> <dependency> <groupId>cn.zuowenjun.springboot</groupId> <artifactId>springboot-demo1</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
JAVA POM 依赖继承两种方式
通过parent继承,如下所示:(如下是非常典型的spring boot的parent继承),项目将继承spring-boot-starter-parent POM中的所有设置及依赖(如:properties、dependencies等)
<parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version> </parent>
通过dependencyManagement继承,如下所示:(这是依赖管理,dependencyManagement里只是声明依赖,并不实现引入,因此子项目可按需显式的声明所需的依赖项。如果不在子项目中声明依赖,则不会从父项目中继承依赖,只有在子项目中声明了依赖项,且没有指定具体版本,才会从父项目中继承依赖项,(写了版本号相当于覆盖),version和scope都读取自父pom)
<dependencyManagement> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId> <version>Greenwich.SR2</version> <type>pom</type> <scope>import</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </dependencyManagement>
二、依赖注入 DI (IOC容器)
C#(一般在Startup文件中ConfigureServices方法中按需注册依赖,注册依赖可以指定生命周期如:AddTransient【瞬时,即:每次都创建新实例】、AddScoped【作用域范围内】、AddSingleton【单例,仅实例化一次】,具体效果可以参见:在 ASP.NET Core 依赖注入)
//1.使用ASP.NET CORE默认的DI框架,在Startup文件中ConfigureServices方法中按需注册依赖 public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { //采用ASP.NET CORE默认的IOC容器注册 services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>(); services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>(); services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>(); services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty)); } //2.在Controller中就可以直接采用构造函数注入或指明从IOC容器中获得实例[FromServices] [ApiController] [Route("api/[controller]")] public class DemoController : Controller { private readonly OperationService operationService; public DemoController(OperationService operationService) { this.operationService = operationService; } [Route("optid")] public object Operation([FromServices]OperationService optSrv){ //TODO:方法体中直接使用operationService 或 入参optSrv均可 } } //如上所需接口及类定义 public interface IOperation { Guid OperationId { get; } } public interface IOperationTransient : IOperation { } public interface IOperationScoped : IOperation { } public interface IOperationSingleton : IOperation { } public interface IOperationSingletonInstance : IOperation { } public class Operation : IOperationTransient, IOperationScoped, IOperationSingleton, IOperationSingletonInstance { public Operation() : this(Guid.NewGuid()) { } public Operation(Guid id) { OperationId = id; } public Guid OperationId { get; private set; } } public class OperationService { public OperationService( IOperationTransient transientOperation, IOperationScoped scopedOperation, IOperationSingleton singletonOperation, IOperationSingletonInstance instanceOperation) { TransientOperation = transientOperation; ScopedOperation = scopedOperation; SingletonOperation = singletonOperation; SingletonInstanceOperation = instanceOperation; } public IOperationTransient TransientOperation { get; } public IOperationScoped ScopedOperation { get; } public IOperationSingleton SingletonOperation { get; } public IOperationSingletonInstance SingletonInstanceOperation { get; } }
C#使用第三方IOC容器,如:autofac,由第三方IOC容器接管并实现DI,示例如下:(autofac支持更多、更灵活的依赖注入场景)
public IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { //采用ASP.NET CORE默认的IOC容器注册 services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>(); services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>(); services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>(); services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty)); services.AddTransient<OperationService, OperationService>(); var containerBuilder = new ContainerBuilder(); containerBuilder.Populate(services); //交由autofac IOC容器管理 var container = containerBuilder.Build(); return new AutofacServiceProvider(container);//使用utofac IOC容器 }
JAVA(可以使用xml来进行Bean的依赖注册,也可使用注解方式来进行依赖注册,目前在DI方面更多的是流行注解注册及注入,故这里也以注解依赖注册及注入为简要说明,更多有关注解依赖注册及注入以及XML的依赖注册及注入详细说明,可查阅我之前的文章:JAVA WEB快速入门之通过一个简单的Spring项目了解Spring的核心(AOP、IOC))
注解依赖注册一般可以通过自定义一个spring统一注册配置类,如代码中所示BeansConfig,这种一般对于集中注册Bean或Bean之间有先后依赖,先后顺序时比较有效果;另一种是直接在Bean上使用@Component注解(或其它专用含义的注解,如:@Repository、@Service,这些注解本身也标记了@Component注解)
//1. 在自定义的spring统一注册配置类中注册相关Bean @Configuration public class BeansConfig { @Bean @Scope("prototype") //singleton,request,session @Order(1) //注册顺序 public DemoBean demoBean(){ return new DemoBean(); } @Bean("demo") //定义名称 @Order(2) public DemoInterface demoInterface(){ return new DemoImplBean(demoBean()); //构造函数注入 } } //2.在Controller中就可以直接通过属性注入或构造函数注入获得实例,并在ACTION中使用这些实例对象 @RestController public class DemoController { @Autowired private DemoBean demoBean; @Autowired @Qualifier("demo")//指定从IOC中解析的bean注册名 private DemoInterface demoInterface; @Autowired private DemoBean2 demoBean2; @RequestMapping(path = "/demo/msg",method = RequestMethod.GET,produces = "application/json;charset=utf-8") public Object testMsg(@RequestParam(value = "m",required = false) String m){ //TODO:可直接使用:demoBean、demoInterface、demoBean2这些私有字段,它们通过属性注入 return "test msg:" + m; } } //以下是如上所需的类及接口定义 public class DemoBean { } public interface DemoInterface { void showMsg(String msg); } public class DemoImplBean implements DemoInterface { private DemoBean demoBean; public DemoImplBean(DemoBean demoBean){ this.demoBean=demoBean; } @Override public void showMsg(String msg) { System.out.println("show msg:" + msg); } } //通过标记Component,交由spring IOC自动扫描注册 @Component public class DemoBean2 { }
三、过滤器、拦截器 AOP
C#(在ASP.NET CORE中实现AOP常见有三种方式:第一种:添加ACTION过滤器(仅适用于MVC);第二种:使用第三方的AOP切面拦截器(如下文的AopInterceptor,可拦截指定的任意位置的虚方法),第三种:在请求管道中添加中间件(仅适用MVC))
public IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddMvc(opt => opt.Filters.Add<AopFilter>() //第一种:添加过滤器,实现ACTION执行前后记录耗时 ).SetCompatibilityVersion(CompatibilityVersion.Version_2_1); var containerBuilder = new ContainerBuilder(); containerBuilder.Populate(services); containerBuilder.RegisterType<AopInterceptor>(); containerBuilder.RegisterType<OperationService>().InterceptedBy(typeof(AopInterceptor)).EnableClassInterceptors(); //第二种:启用autofac的AOP拦截 var container = containerBuilder.Build(); return new AutofacServiceProvider(container); } public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); } //第三种:使用一个自定义的中间件,实现AOP的效果 app.Use(async (ctx, next) => { //如果为示例逻辑 if (!ctx.Request.Query.TryGetValue("token", out var tokenVal) || tokenVal != "zuowenjun") { await ctx.Response.WriteAsync("验证token失败,禁止访问!"); return; } ctx.Request.EnableBuffering();//启动用buffer,以便可以重置Position var requestReader = new StreamReader(ctx.Request.Body); var requestContent = requestReader.ReadToEnd(); ctx.Request.Body.Position = 0; //需要重置为流开头,否则将导致后续的Model Binding失效等各种问题 var originalResponseStream = ctx.Response.Body;//记录原始请求 using (var ms = new MemoryStream()) { ctx.Response.Body = ms;//因原始请求为只写流,故此处用自定义的内存流来接收响应流数据 var watch = Stopwatch.StartNew(); await next.Invoke(); watch.Stop(); ms.Position = 0; var responseReader = new StreamReader(ms); var responseContent = responseReader.ReadToEnd(); string logMsg = $"execedTime:{ watch.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString() }ms,Request,{requestContent},Response: { responseContent}"; Logger.LogInformation(logMsg); ms.Position = 0;//恢复流位置为开头 await ms.CopyToAsync(originalResponseStream); //将当前的流合并到原始流中 ctx.Response.Body = originalResponseStream; //恢复原始响应流 }; }); app.UseMvc(); } /// <summary> /// Filter仅针对接入层(MVC)有效,底层服务若需使用AOP,则必需使用特定的AOP框架 /// </summary> public class AopFilter : IActionFilter { private readonly Stopwatch stopWatch = new Stopwatch(); public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context) { //执行前逻辑 stopWatch.Start(); } public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context) { //执行后逻辑 stopWatch.Stop(); var returnResult = context.Result; if (returnResult is ObjectResult) { var objResult = (returnResult as ObjectResult); objResult.Value = new { Original = objResult.Value, ElapsedTime = stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString() + "ms" }; } else if (returnResult is JsonResult) { var jsonResult = (returnResult as JsonResult); jsonResult.Value = new { Original = jsonResult.Value, ElapsedTime = stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString() + "ms" }; } } }
JAVA(可以通过自定义Filter、HandlerInterceptor、MethodInterceptor 、around AOP增强等方式实现AOP拦截处理)
//最先执行,由servlet拦截请求(适用WEB) @WebFilter(filterName = "demoFilter",urlPatterns = "/*") class DemoFilter implements Filter { @Override public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException { //初始化 } @Override public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException { //过滤处理 } @Override public void destroy() { //销毁之前执行 } } //其次执行,由spring MVC拦截请求(适用Spring MVC) @Component public class DemoHandlerInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor { //也可继承自HandlerInterceptorAdapter @Override public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception { //执行前 return false; } @Override public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception { //执行后,生成视图之前执行 } @Override public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception { //在DispatcherServlet完全处理完请求之后被调用,可用于清理资源 } } //最后执行,拦截方法 @Component class DemoMethodInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor{ @Override public Object invoke(MethodInvocation methodInvocation) throws Throwable { return null; } } //方法拦截的另一种形式 @Component @Aspect class AutoAspectJInterceptor { @Around("execution (*..controller.*.*(..))") public Object around(ProceedingJoinPoint point) throws Throwable{ //执行前 Object object = point.proceed(); //执行后 return object; } }
特别说明:ASP.NET CORE中的Fitler 与Spring MVC中的MethodInterceptor类似,都是控制方法,而ASP.NET CORE中的请求管道中间件与Spring MVC中的Filter、HandlerInterceptor类似,都是控制请求过程。这点要搞清楚。
四、配置读取
C#(支持多种配置数据提供程序,支持多种获取配置信息的方式,详见:ASP.NET Core 中的配置)
//Configuration为IConfiguration实例对象 Configuration.GetValue("key");//适用单个key-value Configuration.Get<TConfig>();//适用整个config文件映射为一个TConfig类型的对象 Configuration.GetSection("key").GetChildren();//获取子项集合
JAVA(支持多种配置数据源格式(yml,Properties),可通过@value、@ConfigurationProperties、Environment等常见方法来获取配置信息)
//1.通过@value方式获取配置信息 @Value("${zuowenjun.site}") public String zwjSite; //2.通过创建一个映射配置信息的Bean(ConfigProperties) 方式获取配置信息 @Component @ConfigurationProperties()//如果有前缀,则可以设置prefix=XXX public static class Zuowenjun { private String site; private String skills; private String motto; public String getSite() { return site; } public void setSite(String site) { this.site = site; } public String getSkills() { return skills; } public void setSkills(String skills) { this.skills = skills; } public String getMotto() { return motto; } public void setMotto(String motto) { this.motto = motto; } } //3.通过Environment来直接获取配置信息 environment.getProperty("zuowenjun.site");
五、发布、部署、运行
C#(ASP.NET CORE:除了如下使用.NET CLI命今进行发布打包,也可以使用VS或VS CODE可视化操作进行发布操作)
dotnet publish --configuration Release
JAVA(Spring MVC:除了如下使用MAVEN命令进行清理打包,还可以使用IDEA来进行打包,具体方法可参见:Springboot项目打包成jar运行2种方式)
mvn clean package;
C#(ASP.NET CORE)、JAVA(Spring MVC)都可以:
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都支持WINDOWS服务器、Linux服务器等多种平台服务器 部署运行
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都支持使用命令行启动运行ASP.NET CORE 或Spring MVC应用,例如:
dotnet aspnetcoreApp.dll --urls="http://*:5001"
java -jar springmvcApp.jar --server.port=5001
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都支持Jenkins CI&CD ,Docker、k8s虚拟化部署
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都支持在Linux服务器中以守护进程方式运行,例如:
nohup dotnet aspnetcoreApp.dll > aspnetcoreApp.out 2>&1 &
nohup java -jar springmvcApp.jar > springmvcApp.out 2>&1 &
//或者都使用Supervisor来构建守护进程,还提供管理UI,具体请参见网上相关资源
好了,总结到此结束,愿能帮助到那些处于.NET 转JAVA 或JAVA 转.NET或者想多了解一门编程语言的朋友们,祝大家事业有成。今后将分享更多关于分布式、算法等方面的知识,不局限.NET或JAVA语言,敬请期待,谢谢!
码字不易,若需转载及转载我之前的文章请注明出处,谢谢。