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(转)python logging模块

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原文:http://www.cnblogs.com/dahu-daqing/p/7040764.html 1 logging模块简介 logging模块是Python内置的标准模块,主要用于输出运行日志,可以设置输出日志的等级、日志保存路径、日志文件回滚等;相

原文:http://www.cnblogs.com/dahu-daqing/p/7040764.html

1 logging模块简介

logging模块是Python内置的标准模块,主要用于输出运行日志,可以设置输出日志的等级、日志保存路径、日志文件回滚等;相比print,具备如下优点:

  1. 可以通过设置不同的日志等级,在release版本中只输出重要信息,而不必显示大量的调试信息;
  2. print将所有信息都输出到标准输出中,严重影响开发者从标准输出中查看其它数据;logging则可以由开发者决定将信息输出到什么地方,以及怎么输出;

2 logging模块使用

2.1 基本使用

配置logging基本的设置,然后在控制台输出日志,

import logging
logging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO,format = ‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

运行时,控制台输出,

2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

logging中可以选择很多消息级别,如debug、info、warning、error以及critical。通过赋予logger或者handler不同的级别,开发者就可以只输出错误信息到特定的记录文件,或者在调试时只记录调试信息。

例如,我们将logger的级别改为DEBUG,再观察一下输出结果,

logging.basicConfig(level = logging.DEBUG,format = ‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)

控制台输出,可以发现,输出了debug的信息。

2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - DEBUG - Do something 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

logging.basicConfig函数各参数:

filename:指定日志文件名;

filemode:和file函数意义相同,指定日志文件的打开模式,‘w‘或者‘a‘;

format:指定输出的格式和内容,format可以输出很多有用的信息,

参数:作用
%(levelno)s:打印日志级别的数值 %(levelname)s:打印日志级别的名称 %(pathname)s:打印当前执行程序的路径,其实就是sys.argv[0] %(filename)s:打印当前执行程序名 %(funcName)s:打印日志的当前函数 %(lineno)d:打印日志的当前行号 %(asctime)s:打印日志的时间 %(thread)d:打印线程ID %(threadName)s:打印线程名称 %(process)d:打印进程ID %(message)s:打印日志信息

datefmt:指定时间格式,同time.strftime();

level:设置日志级别,默认为logging.WARNNING;

stream:指定将日志的输出流,可以指定输出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件,默认输出到sys.stderr,当stream和filename同时指定时,stream被忽略;

2.2 将日志写入到文件

2.2.1 将日志写入到文件

设置logging,创建一个FileHandler,并对输出消息的格式进行设置,将其添加到logger,然后将日志写入到指定的文件中,

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

log.txt中日志数据为,

2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

2.2.2 将日志同时输出到屏幕和日志文件

logger中添加StreamHandler,可以将日志输出到屏幕上,

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)
handler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)

logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

可以在log.txt文件和控制台中看到,

2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

可以发现,logging有一个日志处理的主对象,其他处理方式都是通过addHandler添加进去,logging中包含的handler主要有如下几种,

handler名称:位置;作用 StreamHandler:logging.StreamHandler;日志输出到流,可以是sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件 FileHandler:logging.FileHandler;日志输出到文件 BaseRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.BaseRotatingHandler;基本的日志回滚方式 RotatingHandler:logging.handlers.RotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,支持日志文件最大数量和日志文件回滚 TimeRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.TimeRotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,在一定时间区域内回滚日志文件 SocketHandler:logging.handlers.SocketHandler;远程输出日志到TCP/IP sockets DatagramHandler:logging.handlers.DatagramHandler;远程输出日志到UDP sockets SMTPHandler:logging.handlers.SMTPHandler;远程输出日志到邮件地址 SysLogHandler:logging.handlers.SysLogHandler;日志输出到syslog NTEventLogHandler:logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler;远程输出日志到Windows NT/2000/XP的事件日志 MemoryHandler:logging.handlers.MemoryHandler;日志输出到内存中的指定buffer HTTPHandler:logging.handlers.HTTPHandler;通过"GET"或者"POST"远程输出到HTTP服务器

2.2.3 日志回滚

使用RotatingFileHandler,可以实现日志回滚,

import logging
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
#定义一个RotatingFileHandler,最多备份3个日志文件,每个日志文件最大1K
rHandler = RotatingFileHandler("log.txt",maxBytes = 1*1024,backupCount = 3)
rHandler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)
rHandler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)

logger.addHandler(rHandler)
logger.addHandler(console)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")

可以在工程目录中看到,备份的日志文件,

2016/10/09 19:36 732 log.txt 2016/10/09 19:36 967 log.txt.1 2016/10/09 19:36 985 log.txt.2 2016/10/09 19:36 976 log.txt.3

2.3 设置消息的等级

可以设置不同的日志等级,用于控制日志的输出,

日志等级:使用范围

FATAL:致命错误
CRITICAL:特别糟糕的事情,如内存耗尽、磁盘空间为空,一般很少使用 ERROR:发生错误时,如IO操作失败或者连接问题 WARNING:发生很重要的事件,但是并不是错误时,如用户登录密码错误 INFO:处理请求或者状态变化等日常事务 DEBUG:调试过程中使用DEBUG等级,如算法中每个循环的中间状态

2.4 捕获traceback

Python中的traceback模块被用于跟踪异常返回信息,可以在logging中记录下traceback,

代码,

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)
handler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)

logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)

logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
try:
    open("sklearn.txt","rb")
except (SystemExit,KeyboardInterrupt):
    raise
except Exception:
    logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)

logger.info("Finish")

控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出,

Start print log Something maybe fail. Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:\zhb7627\Code\Eclipse WorkSpace\PythonTest\test.py", line 23, in <module> open("sklearn.txt","rb") IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘sklearn.txt‘ Finish

也可以使用logger.exception(msg,_args),它等价于logger.error(msg,exc_info = True,_args),

logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)

替换为,

logger.exception("Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception")

控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出,

Start print log Something maybe fail. Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:\zhb7627\Code\Eclipse WorkSpace\PythonTest\test.py", line 23, in <module> open("sklearn.txt","rb") IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘sklearn.txt‘ Finish

2.5 多模块使用logging

主模块mainModule.py,

import logging
import subModule
logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule")
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)
handler.setFormatter(formatter)

console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)

logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)


logger.info("creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass")
a = subModule.SubModuleClass()
logger.info("calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
a.doSomething()
logger.info("done with  subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
logger.info("calling subModule.some_function")
subModule.som_function()
logger.info("done with subModule.some_function")

子模块subModule.py,

import logging

module_logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub")
class SubModuleClass(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub.module")
        self.logger.info("creating an instance in SubModuleClass")
    def doSomething(self):
        self.logger.info("do something in SubModule")
        a = []
        a.append(1)
        self.logger.debug("list a = " + str(a))
        self.logger.info("finish something in SubModuleClass")

def som_function():
    module_logger.info("call function some_function")

执行之后,在控制和日志文件log.txt中输出,

2016-10-09 20:25:42,276 - mainModule - INFO - creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - creating an instance in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - do something in SubModule 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - finish something in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub - INFO - call function some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.some_function

首先在主模块定义了logger‘mainModule‘,并对它进行了配置,就可以在解释器进程里面的其他地方通过getLogger(‘mainModule‘)得到的对象都是一样的,不需要重新配置,可以直接使用。定义的该logger的子logger,都可以共享父logger的定义和配置,所谓的父子logger是通过命名来识别,任意以‘mainModule‘开头的logger都是它的子logger,例如‘mainModule.sub‘。

实际开发一个application,首先可以通过logging配置文件编写好这个application所对应的配置,可以生成一个根logger,如‘PythonAPP‘,然后在主函数中通过fileConfig加载logging配置,接着在application的其他地方、不同的模块中,可以使用根logger的子logger,如‘PythonAPP.Core‘,‘PythonAPP.Web‘来进行log,而不需要反复的定义和配置各个模块的logger。

3 通过JSON或者YAML文件配置logging模块

尽管可以在Python代码中配置logging,但是这样并不够灵活,最好的方法是使用一个配置文件来配置。在Python 2.7及以后的版本中,可以从字典中加载logging配置,也就意味着可以通过JSON或者YAML文件加载日志的配置。

3.1 通过JSON文件配置

JSON配置文件,

{
    "version":1, "disable_existing_loggers":false, "formatters":{ "simple":{ "format":"%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" } }, "handlers":{ "console":{ "class":"logging.StreamHandler", "level":"DEBUG", "formatter":"simple", "stream":"ext://sys.stdout" }, "info_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"INFO", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"info.log", "maxBytes":"10485760", "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" }, "error_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"ERROR", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"errors.log", "maxBytes":10485760, "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" } }, "loggers":{ "my_module":{ "level":"ERROR", "handlers":["info_file_handler"], "propagate":"no" } }, "root":{ "level":"INFO", "handlers":["console","info_file_handler","error_file_handler"] } }

通过JSON加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,

import json
import logging.config
import os

def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
    path = default_path
    value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
    if value:
        path = value
    if os.path.exists(path):
        with open(path,"r") as f:
            config = json.load(f)
            logging.config.dictConfig(config)
    else:
        logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)

def func():
    logging.info("start func")

    logging.info("exec func")

    logging.info("end func")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json")
    func()

3.2 通过YAML文件配置

通过YAML文件进行配置,比JSON看起来更加简介明了,

version: 1 disable_existing_loggers: False formatters:  simple:  format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" handlers:  console:  class: logging.StreamHandler  level: DEBUG  formatter: simple  stream: ext://sys.stdout  info_file_handler:  class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler  level: INFO  formatter: simple  filename: info.log  maxBytes: 10485760  backupCount: 20  encoding: utf8  error_file_handler:  class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler  level: ERROR  formatter: simple  filename: errors.log  maxBytes: 10485760  backupCount: 20  encoding: utf8 loggers:  my_module:  level: ERROR  handlers: [info_file_handler]  propagate: no root:  level: INFO  handlers: [console,info_file_handler,error_file_handler]

通过YAML加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,

import yaml
import logging.config
import os

def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
    path = default_path
    value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
    if value:
        path = value
    if os.path.exists(path):
        with open(path,"r") as f:
            config = yaml.load(f)
            logging.config.dictConfig(config)
    else:
        logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)

def func():
    logging.info("start func")

    logging.info("exec func")

    logging.info("end func")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml")
    func()
    
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