matplotlib绘制鼠标的十字光标的实现(内置方式)

相对于echarts等基于JavaScript的图表库，matplotlib的交互能力相对较差。
在实际应用中，我们经常想使用十字光标来定位数据坐标，matplotlib内置提供支持。

官方示例

matplotlib提供了官方示例https://matplotlib.org/gallery/widgets/cursor.html

from matplotlib.widgets import Cursor
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Fixing random state for reproducibility
np.random.seed(19680801)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, facecolor='#FFFFCC')

x, y = 4*(np.random.rand(2, 100) - .5)
ax.plot(x, y, 'o')
ax.set_xlim(-2, 2)
ax.set_ylim(-2, 2)

# Set useblit=True on most backends for enhanced performance.
cursor = Cursor(ax, useblit=True, color='red', linewidth=2)

plt.show()

原理

由源码可知，实现十字光标的关键在于widgets模块中的Cursor类。
class matplotlib.widgets.Cursor(ax, horizOn=True, vertOn=True, useblit=False, **lineprops)

• ax：参数类型matplotlib.axes.Axes，即需要添加十字光标的子图。
• horizOn：布尔值，是否显示十字光标中的横线，默认值为显示。
• vertOn：布尔值，是否显示十字光标中的竖线，默认值为显示。
• useblit：布尔值，是否使用优化模式，默认值为否，优化模式需要后端支持。
• **lineprops：十字光标线形属性， 参见axhline函数支持的属性，https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.axhline.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes.axhline。

简化案例

光标改为灰色竖虚线，线宽为1。

from matplotlib.widgets import Cursor
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

ax = plt.gca()
cursor = Cursor(ax, horizOn=False, vertOn= True, useblit=False, color='grey', linewidth=1,linestyle='--')
plt.show()

## Cursor类源码

class Cursor(AxesWidget):
  """
  A crosshair cursor that spans the axes and moves with mouse cursor.

  For the cursor to remain responsive you must keep a reference to it.

  Parameters
  ----------
  ax : `matplotlib.axes.Axes`
    The `~.axes.Axes` to attach the cursor to.
  horizOn : bool, default: True
    Whether to draw the horizontal line.
  vertOn : bool, default: True
    Whether to draw the vertical line.
  useblit : bool, default: False
    Use blitting for faster drawing if supported by the backend.

  Other Parameters
  ----------------
  **lineprops
    `.Line2D` properties that control the appearance of the lines.
    See also `~.Axes.axhline`.

  Examples
  --------
  See :doc:`/gallery/widgets/cursor`.
  """

  def __init__(self, ax, horizOn=True, vertOn=True, useblit=False,
         **lineprops):
    AxesWidget.__init__(self, ax)

    self.connect_event('motion_notify_event', self.onmove)
    self.connect_event('draw_event', self.clear)

    self.visible = True
    self.horizOn = horizOn
    self.vertOn = vertOn
    self.useblit = useblit and self.canvas.supports_blit

    if self.useblit:
      lineprops['animated'] = True
    self.lineh = ax.axhline(ax.get_ybound()[0], visible=False, **lineprops)
    self.linev = ax.axvline(ax.get_xbound()[0], visible=False, **lineprops)

    self.background = None
    self.needclear = False

  def clear(self, event):
    """Internal event handler to clear the cursor."""
    if self.ignore(event):
      return
    if self.useblit:
      self.background = self.canvas.copy_from_bbox(self.ax.bbox)
    self.linev.set_visible(False)
    self.lineh.set_visible(False)
    
  def onmove(self, event):
    """Internal event handler to draw the cursor when the mouse moves."""
    if self.ignore(event):
      return
    if not self.canvas.widgetlock.available(self):
      return
    if event.inaxes != self.ax:
      self.linev.set_visible(False)
      self.lineh.set_visible(False)

      if self.needclear:
        self.canvas.draw()
        self.needclear = False
      return
    self.needclear = True
    if not self.visible:
      return
    self.linev.set_xdata((event.xdata, event.xdata))

    self.lineh.set_ydata((event.ydata, event.ydata))
    self.linev.set_visible(self.visible and self.vertOn)
    self.lineh.set_visible(self.visible and self.horizOn)

    self._update()

  def _update(self):
    if self.useblit:
      if self.background is not None:
        self.canvas.restore_region(self.background)
      self.ax.draw_artist(self.linev)
      self.ax.draw_artist(self.lineh)
      self.canvas.blit(self.ax.bbox)
    else:
      self.canvas.draw_idle()
    return False

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