爬虫利器BeautifulSoup中find和find_all的使用方法
二话不说，先上段HTML例子
<html>
<head>
<title>
index
</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<ul>
<li id="flask"class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactie"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a>
</ul>
</div>
<li> hello world </li>
</body>
</html>
使用BeautifulSoup前需要先构建BeautifulSoup实例
# 构建beautifulsoup实例 soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml') # 第一个参数是要匹配的内容 # 第二个参数是beautifulsoup要采用的模块，即规则
需要注意的是，导入对的模块需要事先安装，此处导入的LXML事先已经安装。可以导入的模块可通过查询BeautifulSoup的文档查看
接下来是find和find_all的介绍
1. find
只返回第一个匹配到的对象
语法：
find(name, attrs, recursive, text, **wargs) # recursive 递归的，循环的
参数：
参数名
作用
例子：
# find查找一次
li = soup.find('li')
print('find_li:',li)
print('li.text(返回标签的内容):',li.text)
print('li.attrs(返回标签的属性):',li.attrs)
print('li.string(返回标签内容为字符串):',li.string)
运行结果：
find_li: <li class="item-0" id="flask"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
li.text(返回标签的内容): first item
li.attrs(返回标签的属性): {'id': 'flask', 'class': ['item-0']}
li.string(返回标签内容为字符串): first item
find也可以通过‘属性=值'的方法进行匹配
li = soup.find(id = 'flask') print(li,'\n')
<li class="item-0" id="flask"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
需要注意的是，因为class是python的保留关键字，若要匹配标签内class的属性，需要特殊的方法，有以下两种：
- 在attrs属性用字典的方式进行参数传递
- BeautifulSoup自带的特别关键字class_
# 第一种:在attrs属性用字典进行传递参数
find_class = soup.find(attrs={'class':'item-1'})
print('findclass:',find_class,'\n')
# 第二种:BeautifulSoup中的特别关键字参数class_
beautifulsoup_class_ = soup.find(class_ = 'item-1')
print('BeautifulSoup_class_:',beautifulsoup_class_,'\n')
运行结果
findclass: <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
BeautifulSoup_class_: <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
2. find_all
返回所有匹配到的结果，区别于find（find只返回查找到的第一个结果）
语法：
find_all(name, attrs, recursive, text, limit, **kwargs)
参数名
作用
与find一样的语法
上代码
# find_all 查找所有
li_all = soup.find_all('li')
for li_all in li_all:
print('---')
print('匹配到的li:',li_all)
print('li的内容:',li_all.text)
print('li的属性:',li_all.attrs)
运行结果：
---
匹配到的li: <li class="item-0" id="flask"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
li的内容: first item
li的属性: {'id': 'flask', 'class': ['item-0']}
---
匹配到的li: <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
li的内容: second item
li的属性: {'class': ['item-1']}
---
匹配到的li: <li cvlass="item-inactie"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li>
li的内容: third item
li的属性: {'cvlass': 'item-inactie'}
---
匹配到的li: <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li>
li的内容: fourth item
li的属性: {'class': ['item-1']}
---
匹配到的li: <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a>
</li>
li的内容: fifth item
附上比较灵活的find_all查询方法：
# 最灵活的使用方式
li_quick = soup.find_all(attrs={'class':'item-1'})
for li_quick in li_quick:
print('最灵活的查找方法:',li_quick)
运行结果：
- 最灵活的查找方法: <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
- 最灵活的查找方法: <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li>
完整代码：
# coding=utf8
# @Author= CaiJunxuan
# @QQ=469590490
# @Wechat:15916454524
# beautifulsoup
# 导入beautifulsoup模块
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
# HTML例子
html = '''
<html>
<head>
<title>
index
</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<ul>
<li id="flask"class="item-0"><a href="link1.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >second item</a></li>
<li cvlass="item-inactie"><a href="link3.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >fifth item</a>
</ul>
</div>
<li> hello world </li>
</body>
</html>
'''
# 构建beautifulsoup实例
soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
# 第一个参数是要匹配的内容
# 第二个参数是beautifulsoup要采用的模块,即规则
# html.parser是python内置的结构匹配方法，但是效率不如lxml所以不常用
# lxml 采用lxml模块
# html5lib,该模块可以将内容转换成html5对象
# 若想要以上功能,就需要具备对应的模块，比如使用lxml就要安装lxml
# 在bs4当中有很多种匹配方法,但常用有两种:
# find查找一次
li = soup.find('li')
print('find_li:',li)
print('li.text(返回标签的内容):',li.text)
print('li.attrs(返回标签的属性):',li.attrs)
print('li.string(返回标签内容为字符串):',li.string)
print(50*'*','\n')
# find可以通过'属性 = 值'的方法进行select
li = soup.find(id = 'flask')
print(li,'\n')
# 因为class是python的保留关键字，所以无法直接查找class这个关键字
# 有两种方法可以进行class属性查询
# 第一种:在attrs属性用字典进行传递参数
find_class = soup.find(attrs={'class':'item-1'})
print('findclass:',find_class,'\n')
# 第二种:BeautifulSoup中的特别关键字参数class_
beautifulsoup_class_ = soup.find(class_ = 'item-1')
print('BeautifulSoup_class_:',beautifulsoup_class_,'\n')
# find_all 查找所有
li_all = soup.find_all('li')
for li_all in li_all:
print('---')
print('匹配到的li:',li_all)
print('li的内容:',li_all.text)
print('li的属性:',li_all.attrs)
# 最灵活的使用方式
li_quick = soup.find_all(attrs={'class':'item-1'})
for li_quick in li_quick:
print('最灵活的查找方法:',li_quick)
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