1.背景
- 我们在爬取网页时一般会使用到三个爬虫库:requests,scrapy,selenium。requests一般用于小型爬虫,scrapy用于构建大的爬虫项目,而selenium主要用来应付负责的页面(复杂js渲染的页面,请求非常难构造,或者构造方式经常变化)。
- 在我们面对大型爬虫项目时,肯定会优选scrapy框架来开发,但是在解析复杂JS渲染的页面时,又很麻烦。 尽管使用selenium浏览器渲染来抓取这样的页面很方便,这种方式下,我们不需要关心页面后台发生了怎样的请求,也不需要分析整个页面的渲染过程,我们只需要关心页面最终结果即可,可见即可爬,但是selenium的效率又太低。
- 所以,如果可以在scrapy中,集成selenium,让selenium负责复杂页面的爬取,那么这样的爬虫就无敌了,可以爬取任何网站了。
2. 环境
- python 3.6.1
- 系统:win7
- IDE:pycharm
- 安装过chrome浏览器
- 配置好chromedriver(设置好环境变量)
- selenium 3.7.0
- scrapy 1.4.0
3.原理分析
3.1. 分析request请求的流程
首先看一下scrapy最新的架构图:
部分流程:
第一:爬虫引擎生成requests请求,送往scheduler调度模块,进入等待队列,等待调度。
第二:scheduler模块开始调度这些requests,出队,发往爬虫引擎。
第三:爬虫引擎将这些requests送到下载中间件(多个,例如加header,代理,自定义等等)进行处理。
第四:处理完之后,送往Downloader模块进行下载。从这个处理过程来看,突破口就在下载中间件部分,用selenium直接处理掉request请求。
3.2. requests和response中间处理件源码分析
相关代码位置:
源码解析:
# 文件:E:\Miniconda\Lib\site-packages\scrapy\core\downloader\middleware.py """ Downloader Middleware manager See documentation in docs/topics/downloader-middleware.rst """ import six from twisted.internet import defer from scrapy.http import Request, Response from scrapy.middleware import MiddlewareManager from scrapy.utils.defer import mustbe_deferred from scrapy.utils.conf import build_component_list class DownloaderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager): component_name = 'downloader middleware' @classmethod def _get_mwlist_from_settings(cls, settings): # 从settings.py或这custom_setting中拿到自定义的Middleware中间件 ''' 'DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES': { 'mySpider.middlewares.ProxiesMiddleware': 400, # SeleniumMiddleware 'mySpider.middlewares.SeleniumMiddleware': 543, 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': None, }, ''' return build_component_list( settings.getwithbase('DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES')) # 将所有自定义Middleware中间件的处理函数添加到对应的methods列表中 def _add_middleware(self, mw): if hasattr(mw, 'process_request'): self.methods['process_request'].append(mw.process_request) if hasattr(mw, 'process_response'): self.methods['process_response'].insert(0, mw.process_response) if hasattr(mw, 'process_exception'): self.methods['process_exception'].insert(0, mw.process_exception) # 整个下载流程 def download(self, download_func, request, spider): @defer.inlineCallbacks def process_request(request): # 处理request请求,依次经过各个自定义Middleware中间件的process_request方法,前面有加入到list中 for method in self.methods['process_request']: response = yield method(request=request, spider=spider) assert response is None or isinstance(response, (Response, Request)), \ 'Middleware %s.process_request must return None, Response or Request, got %s' % \ (six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, response.__class__.__name__) # 这是关键地方 # 如果在某个Middleware中间件的process_request中处理完之后,生成了一个response对象 # 那么会直接将这个response return 出去,跳出循环,不再处理其他的process_request # 之前我们的header,proxy中间件,都只是加个user-agent,加个proxy,并不做任何return值 # 还需要注意一点:就是这个return的必须是Response对象 # 后面我们构造的HtmlResponse正是Response的子类对象 if response: defer.returnValue(response) # 如果在上面的所有process_request中,都没有返回任何Response对象的话 # 最后,会将这个加工过的Request送往download_func,进行下载,返回的就是一个Response对象 # 然后依次经过各个Middleware中间件的process_response方法进行加工,如下 defer.returnValue((yield download_func(request=request,spider=spider))) @defer.inlineCallbacks def process_response(response): assert response is not None, 'Received None in process_response' if isinstance(response, Request): defer.returnValue(response) for method in self.methods['process_response']: response = yield method(request=request, response=response, spider=spider) assert isinstance(response, (Response, Request)), \ 'Middleware %s.process_response must return Response or Request, got %s' % \ (six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, type(response)) if isinstance(response, Request): defer.returnValue(response) defer.returnValue(response) @defer.inlineCallbacks def process_exception(_failure): exception = _failure.value for method in self.methods['process_exception']: response = yield method(request=request, exception=exception, spider=spider) assert response is None or isinstance(response, (Response, Request)), \ 'Middleware %s.process_exception must return None, Response or Request, got %s' % \ (six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, type(response)) if response: defer.returnValue(response) defer.returnValue(_failure) deferred = mustbe_deferred(process_request, request) deferred.addErrback(process_exception) deferred.addCallback(process_response) return deferred
4. 代码
在settings.py中,配置好selenium参数:
# 文件settings.py中 # ----------- selenium参数配置 ------------- SELENIUM_TIMEOUT = 25 # selenium浏览器的超时时间,单位秒 LOAD_IMAGE = True # 是否下载图片 WINDOW_HEIGHT = 900 # 浏览器窗口大小 WINDOW_WIDTH = 900
在spider中,生成request时,标记哪些请求需要走selenium下载:
# 文件mySpider.py中 class mySpider(CrawlSpider): name = "mySpiderAmazon" allowed_domains = ['amazon.com'] custom_settings = { 'LOG_LEVEL':'INFO', 'DOWNLOAD_DELAY': 0, 'COOKIES_ENABLED': False, # enabled by default 'DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES': { # 代理中间件 'mySpider.middlewares.ProxiesMiddleware': 400, # SeleniumMiddleware 中间件 'mySpider.middlewares.SeleniumMiddleware': 543, # 将scrapy默认的user-agent中间件关闭 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': None, }, #.....................华丽的分割线....................... # 生成request时,将是否使用selenium下载的标记,放入到meta中 yield Request( url = "https://www.amazon.com/", meta = {'usedSelenium': True, 'dont_redirect': True}, callback = self.parseIndexPage, errback = self.error )
在下载中间件middlewares.py中,使用selenium抓取页面(核心部分)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from selenium import webdriver from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse from logging import getLogger import time class SeleniumMiddleware(): # 经常需要在pipeline或者中间件中获取settings的属性,可以通过scrapy.crawler.Crawler.settings属性 @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): # 从settings.py中,提取selenium设置参数,初始化类 return cls(timeout=crawler.settings.get('SELENIUM_TIMEOUT'), isLoadImage=crawler.settings.get('LOAD_IMAGE'), windowHeight=crawler.settings.get('WINDOW_HEIGHT'), windowWidth=crawler.settings.get('WINDOW_WIDTH') ) def __init__(self, timeout=30, isLoadImage=True, windowHeight=None, windowWidth=None): self.logger = getLogger(__name__) self.timeout = timeout self.isLoadImage = isLoadImage # 定义一个属于这个类的browser,防止每次请求页面时,都会打开一个新的chrome浏览器 # 这样,这个类处理的Request都可以只用这一个browser self.browser = webdriver.Chrome() if windowHeight and windowWidth: self.browser.set_window_size(900, 900) self.browser.set_page_load_timeout(self.timeout) # 页面加载超时时间 self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.browser, 25) # 指定元素加载超时时间 def process_request(self, request, spider): ''' 用chrome抓取页面 :param request: Request请求对象 :param spider: Spider对象 :return: HtmlResponse响应 ''' # self.logger.debug('chrome is getting page') print(f"chrome is getting page") # 依靠meta中的标记,来决定是否需要使用selenium来爬取 usedSelenium = request.meta.get('usedSelenium', False) if usedSelenium: try: self.browser.get(request.url) # 搜索框是否出现 input = self.wait.until( EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, "//div[@class='nav-search-field ']/input")) ) time.sleep(2) input.clear() input.send_keys("iphone 7s") # 敲enter键, 进行搜索 input.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) # 查看搜索结果是否出现 searchRes = self.wait.until( EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, "//div[@id='resultsCol']")) ) except Exception as e: # self.logger.debug(f'chrome getting page error, Exception = {e}') print(f"chrome getting page error, Exception = {e}") return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, status=500, request=request) else: time.sleep(3) return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, body=self.browser.page_source, request=request, # 最好根据网页的具体编码而定 encoding='utf-8', status=200)
5. 执行结果
6. 存在的问题
6.1. Spider关闭了,chrome没有退出。
2018-04-04 09:26:18 [scrapy.statscollectors] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats:
{'downloader/response_bytes': 2092766,
'downloader/response_count': 2,
'downloader/response_status_count/200': 2,
'finish_reason': 'finished',
'finish_time': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 4, 1, 26, 16, 763602),
'log_count/INFO': 7,
'request_depth_max': 1,
'response_received_count': 2,
'scheduler/dequeued': 2,
'scheduler/dequeued/memory': 2,
'scheduler/enqueued': 2,
'scheduler/enqueued/memory': 2,
'start_time': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 4, 1, 25, 48, 301602)}
2018-04-04 09:26:18 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider closed (finished)
上面,我们是把browser对象放到了Middleware中间件中,只能做process_request和process_response, 没有说在中间件中介绍如何调用scrapy的close方法。
解决方案:利用信号量的方式,当收到spider_closed信号时,调用browser.quit()
6.2. 当一个项目同时启动多个spider,会共用到Middleware中的selenium,不利于并发。
因为用scrapy + selenium的方式,只有部分,甚至是一小部分页面会用到chrome,既然把chrome放到Middleware中有这么多限制,那为什么不能把chrome放到spider里面呢。这样的好处在于:每个spider都有自己的chrome,这样当启动多个spider时,就会有多个chrome,不是所有的spider共用一个chrome,这对我们的并发是有好处的。
解决方案:将chrome的初始化放到spider中,每个spider独占自己的chrome
7. 改进版代码
在settings.py中,配置好selenium参数:
# 文件settings.py中 # ----------- selenium参数配置 ------------- SELENIUM_TIMEOUT = 25 # selenium浏览器的超时时间,单位秒 LOAD_IMAGE = True # 是否下载图片 WINDOW_HEIGHT = 900 # 浏览器窗口大小 WINDOW_WIDTH = 900
在spider中,生成request时,标记哪些请求需要走selenium下载:
# 文件mySpider.py中 # selenium相关库 from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait # scrapy 信号相关库 from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings # 下面这种方式,即将废弃,所以不用 # from scrapy.xlib.pydispatch import dispatcher from scrapy import signals # scrapy最新采用的方案 from pydispatch import dispatcher class mySpider(CrawlSpider): name = "mySpiderAmazon" allowed_domains = ['amazon.com'] custom_settings = { 'LOG_LEVEL':'INFO', 'DOWNLOAD_DELAY': 0, 'COOKIES_ENABLED': False, # enabled by default 'DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES': { # 代理中间件 'mySpider.middlewares.ProxiesMiddleware': 400, # SeleniumMiddleware 中间件 'mySpider.middlewares.SeleniumMiddleware': 543, # 将scrapy默认的user-agent中间件关闭 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': None, }, # 将chrome初始化放到spider中,成为spider中的元素 def __init__(self, timeout=30, isLoadImage=True, windowHeight=None, windowWidth=None): # 从settings.py中获取设置参数 self.mySetting = get_project_settings() self.timeout = self.mySetting['SELENIUM_TIMEOUT'] self.isLoadImage = self.mySetting['LOAD_IMAGE'] self.windowHeight = self.mySetting['WINDOW_HEIGHT'] self.windowWidth = self.mySetting['windowWidth'] # 初始化chrome对象 self.browser = webdriver.Chrome() if self.windowHeight and self.windowWidth: self.browser.set_window_size(900, 900) self.browser.set_page_load_timeout(self.timeout) # 页面加载超时时间 self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.browser, 25) # 指定元素加载超时时间 super(mySpider, self).__init__() # 设置信号量,当收到spider_closed信号时,调用mySpiderCloseHandle方法,关闭chrome dispatcher.connect(receiver = self.mySpiderCloseHandle, signal = signals.spider_closed ) # 信号量处理函数:关闭chrome浏览器 def mySpiderCloseHandle(self, spider): print(f"mySpiderCloseHandle: enter ") self.browser.quit() #.....................华丽的分割线....................... # 生成request时,将是否使用selenium下载的标记,放入到meta中 yield Request( url = "https://www.amazon.com/", meta = {'usedSelenium': True, 'dont_redirect': True}, callback = self.parseIndexPage, errback = self.error )
在下载中间件middlewares.py中,使用selenium抓取页面
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from selenium import webdriver from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse from logging import getLogger import time class SeleniumMiddleware(): # Middleware中会传递进来一个spider,这就是我们的spider对象,从中可以获取__init__时的chrome相关元素 def process_request(self, request, spider): ''' 用chrome抓取页面 :param request: Request请求对象 :param spider: Spider对象 :return: HtmlResponse响应 ''' print(f"chrome is getting page") # 依靠meta中的标记,来决定是否需要使用selenium来爬取 usedSelenium = request.meta.get('usedSelenium', False) if usedSelenium: try: spider.browser.get(request.url) # 搜索框是否出现 input = spider.wait.until( EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, "//div[@class='nav-search-field ']/input")) ) time.sleep(2) input.clear() input.send_keys("iphone 7s") # 敲enter键, 进行搜索 input.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) # 查看搜索结果是否出现 searchRes = spider.wait.until( EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, "//div[@id='resultsCol']")) ) except Exception as e: print(f"chrome getting page error, Exception = {e}") return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, status=500, request=request) else: time.sleep(3) # 页面爬取成功,构造一个成功的Response对象(HtmlResponse是它的子类) return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, body=spider.browser.page_source, request=request, # 最好根据网页的具体编码而定 encoding='utf-8', status=200)
运行结果(spider结束,执行mySpiderCloseHandle关闭chrome浏览器):
['categorySelectorAmazon1.pipelines.MongoPipeline']
2018-04-04 11:56:21 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened
2018-04-04 11:56:21 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min)
chrome is getting page
parseProductDetail url = https://www.amazon.com/, status = 200, meta = {'usedSelenium': True, 'dont_redirect': True, 'download_timeout': 25.0, 'proxy': 'http://H37XPSB6V57VU96D:CAB31DAEB9313CE5@proxy.abuyun.com:9020', 'depth': 0}
chrome is getting page
2018-04-04 11:56:54 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Closing spider (finished)
mySpiderCloseHandle: enter
2018-04-04 11:56:59 [scrapy.statscollectors] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats:
{'downloader/response_bytes': 1938619,
'downloader/response_count': 2,
'downloader/response_status_count/200': 2,
'finish_reason': 'finished',
'finish_time': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 4, 3, 56, 54, 301602),
'log_count/INFO': 7,
'request_depth_max': 1,
'response_received_count': 2,
'scheduler/dequeued': 2,
'scheduler/dequeued/memory': 2,
'scheduler/enqueued': 2,
'scheduler/enqueued/memory': 2,
'start_time': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 4, 3, 56, 21, 642602)}
2018-04-04 11:56:59 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider closed (finished)
到此这篇关于如何在scrapy中集成selenium爬取网页的方法的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关scrapy集成selenium爬取网页内容请搜索易盾网络以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持易盾网络!