浅谈 JSP & Servlet

背景

相信大家都见过这句话: Tomcat 是 Servlet 的容器, JSP 被动态编译为 Servlet.

什么是 Servlet ? 原来这是一个类: class javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet

JSP 页面被编译为该类的一个子类class org.apache.jsp.***_jsp, 当然, 这个类还被扩展为class org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase

JSP 的类层次关系如下:

java.lang.Object

? `javax.servlet.GenericServlet

? ? `javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet

? ? ? `org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase

? ? ? ? `org.apache.jsp.***_jsp

维基百科

Servlet（Server Applet），全称Java Servlet，未有中文译文。是用Java编写的服务器端程序。其主要功能在于交互式地浏览和修改数据，生成动态Web内容。狭义的Servlet是指Java语言实现的一个接口，广义的Servlet是指任何实现了这个Servlet接口的类，一般情况下，人们将Servlet理解为后者。

通用Servlet
一般来说，通用Servlet由javax.servlet.GenericServlet实作Servlet界面。程序设计人员可以通过使用或继承这个类来实现通用Servlet应用。

HttpServlet
javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet实现了专门用于响应HTTP请求的Servlet，提供了响应对应HTTP标准请求的doGet()、doPost()等方法。

生命周期
当servlet被部署在应用服务器中（应用服务器中用于管理Java组件的部分被抽象成为容器）以后，由容器控制servlet的生命周期。除非特殊指定，否则在容器启动的时候，servlet是不会被加载的，servlet只会在第一次请求的时候被加载和实例化。servlet一旦被加载，一般不会从容器中删除，直至应用服务器关闭或重新启动。但当容器做内存回收动作时，servlet有可能被删除。也正是因为这个原因，第一次访问servlet所用的时间要大大多于以后访问所用的时间。

servlet在服务器的运行生命周期为，在第一次请求（或其实体被内存垃圾回收后再被访问）时被加载并执行一次初始化方法，跟着执行正式运行方法，之后会被常驻并每次被请求时直接执行正式运行方法，直到服务器关闭或被清理时执行一次销毁方法后实体销毁。

与JSP的关系
Java服务器页面（JSP）是HttpServlet的扩展。由于HttpServlet大多是用来响应HTTP请求，并返回Web页面（例如HTML、XML），所以不可避免地，在编写servlet时会涉及大量的HTML内容，这给servlet的书写效率和可读性带来很大障碍，JSP便是在这个基础上产生的。其功能是使用HTML的书写格式，在适当的地方加入Java代码片段，将程序员从复杂的HTML中解放出来，更专注于servlet本身的内容。

JSP在首次被访问的时候被应用服务器转换为servlet，在以后的运行中，容器直接调用这个servlet，而不再访问JSP页面。JSP的实质仍然是servlet。

读源码

/*
 * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
 * Version: Apache Tomcat/7.0.82
 * Generated at: 2019-04-09 14:27:49 UTC
 * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
 *       the last modified time of the source file after
 *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
 */
package org.apache.jsp;

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.util.*;

public final class default_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent {

  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();

  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;

  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;

  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
    return _jspx_dependants;
  }

  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
        }
      }
    }
    return _el_expressionfactory;
  }

  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
        }
      }
    }
    return _jsp_instancemanager;
  }

  public void _jspInit() {
  }

  public void _jspDestroy() {
  }

  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
        throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {

    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
    final java.lang.Object page = this;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;


    try {
      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
                null, true, 8192, true);
      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
      session = pageContext.getSession();
      out = pageContext.getOut();
      _jspx_out = out;

      out.write('\r');
      out.write('\n');
 response.setHeader("Refresh","1;url=./index.html");
      out.write("\r\n");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML>\r\n");
      out.write("<html>\r\n");
      out.write("<head>\r\n");
      out.write("<title>Welcome</title>\r\n");
      out.write("<style>\r\n");
      out.write("body{TEXT-ALIGN: center;}\r\n");
      out.write("</style>\r\n");
      out.write("</head>\r\n");
      out.write("<body background=\"images/tz.jpg\" > \r\n");
      out.write("</body>\r\n");
      out.write("</html> ");
    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
        out = _jspx_out;
        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
          try {
            if (response.isCommitted()) {
              out.flush();
            } else {
              out.clearBuffer();
            }
          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
        else throw new ServletException(t);
      }
    } finally {
      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
    }
  }
}

/*
 * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
 * Version: Apache Tomcat/7.0.82
 * Generated at: 2019-04-09 14:27:53 UTC
 * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
 *       the last modified time of the source file after
 *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
 */
package org.apache.jsp;

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.util.*;

public final class error_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent {

  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();

  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;

  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;

  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
    return _jspx_dependants;
  }

  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
        }
      }
    }
    return _el_expressionfactory;
  }

  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
        }
      }
    }
    return _jsp_instancemanager;
  }

  public void _jspInit() {
  }

  public void _jspDestroy() {
  }

  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
        throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {

    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
    final java.lang.Object page = this;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;


    try {
      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
                null, true, 8192, true);
      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
      session = pageContext.getSession();
      out = pageContext.getOut();
      _jspx_out = out;

      out.write("\r\n");
      out.write("\r\n");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML>\r\n");
      out.write("<html>\r\n");
      out.write("<head>\r\n");
      out.write("<title>Poses-404 </title>\r\n");
      out.write("<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\r\n");
      out.write("<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1\">\r\n");
      out.write("<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"./css/style.css\">\r\n");
      out.write("</head>\r\n");
      out.write("<body>\r\n");
      out.write("<div class=\"wrap\">\r\n");
      out.write("\r\n");
      out.write("\t<div class=\"banner\">\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t<img src=\"./images/banner.png\" alt=\"\" />\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t<p><a href=\"javascript:history.back(-1);\">&laquo;点击返回</a></p>\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t\r\n");
      out.write("\t</div>\r\n");
      out.write("\t<div class=\"page\">\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t<h2></h2>\r\n");
      out.write("\t</div>\r\n");
      out.write("\t<div class=\"footer\">\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t<div class=\"main\">\r\n");
      out.write("</div>\r\n");
      out.write("\t\t\r\n");
      out.write("\t</div>\r\n");
      out.write("</div>\r\n");
      out.write("\r\n");
      out.write("</body>\r\n");
      out.write("</html>\r\n");
      out.write("\r\n");
    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
        out = _jspx_out;
        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
          try {
            if (response.isCommitted()) {
              out.flush();
            } else {
              out.clearBuffer();
            }
          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
        else throw new ServletException(t);
      }
    } finally {
      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
    }
  }
}