很多的软件项目中都会使用到定时任务、定时轮询数据库同步,定时邮件通知等功能。.NET Framework具有“内置”定时器功能,通过System.Timers.Timer类。在使用Timer类需要面对的问题:计时器没有持久化机制;计时器具有不灵活的计划(仅能设置开始时间和重复间隔,没有基于日期,时间等);计时器不使用线程池(每个定时器一个线程);计时器没有真正的管理方案 - 你必须编写自己的机制,以便能够记住,组织和检索任务的名称等。
如果需要在.NET实现定时器的功能,可以尝试使用以下这款开源免费的组件Quartz.Net组件。目前Quartz.NET版本为3.0,修改了原来的一些问题:修复由于线程本地存储而不能与AdoJobStore协同工作的调度器信令;线程局部状态完全删除;quartz.serializer.type是必需的,即使非序列化RAMJobStore正在使用;JSON序列化错误地称为序列化回调。
一.Quart.NET概述:
Quartz是一个作业调度系统,可以与任何其他软件系统集成或一起使用。作业调度程序是一个系统,负责在执行预处理程序时执行(或通知)其他软件组件 - 确定(调度)时间到达。Quartz是非常灵活的,并且包含多个使用范例,可以单独使用或一起使用,以实现您所需的行为,并使您能够以您的项目看起来最“自然”的方式编写代码。组件的使用非常轻便,并且需要非常少的设置/配置 - 如果您的需求相对基础,它实际上可以使用“开箱即用”。Quartz是容错的,并且可以在系统重新启动之间保留(记住)您的预定作业。尽管Quartz对于在给定的时间表上简单地运行某些系统进程非常有用,但当您学习如何使用Quartz来驱动应用程序的业务流程时,Quartz的全部潜能可以实现。
Quartz是作为一个小的动态链接库(.dll文件)分发的,它包含所有的核心Quartz功能。 此功能的主要接口(API)是调度程序接口。 它提供简单的操作,如调度/非调度作业,启动/停止/暂停调度程序。如果你想安排你自己的软件组件执行,他们必须实现简单的Job接口,它包含方法execute()。 如果希望在计划的触发时间到达时通知组件,则组件应实现TriggerListener或JobListener接口。主要的Quartz'进程'可以在您自己的应用程序或独立应用程序(使用远程接口)中启动和运行。
二.Quartz.NET主体类和方法解析:
1.StdSchedulerFactory类:创建QuartzScheduler实例。
/// <summary> /// 返回此工厂生成的调度程序的句柄。 /// </summary> /// <remarks> ///如果<see cref =“Initialize()”/>方法之一没有先前调用,然后是默认(no-arg)<see cref =“Initialize()”/>方法将被这个方法调用。 /// </remarks> public virtual IScheduler GetScheduler() { if (cfg == null) { Initialize(); } SchedulerRepository schedRep = SchedulerRepository.Instance; IScheduler sched = schedRep.Lookup(SchedulerName); if (sched != null) { if (sched.IsShutdown) { schedRep.Remove(SchedulerName); } else { return sched; } } sched = Instantiate(); return sched; }
public interface ISchedulerFactory { /// <summary> /// Returns handles to all known Schedulers (made by any SchedulerFactory /// within this app domain.). /// </summary> ICollection<IScheduler> AllSchedulers { get; } /// <summary> /// Returns a client-usable handle to a <see cref="IScheduler" />. /// </summary> IScheduler GetScheduler(); /// <summary> /// Returns a handle to the Scheduler with the given name, if it exists. /// </summary> IScheduler GetScheduler(string schedName); }
2.JobDetailImpl:传递给定作业实例的详细信息属性。
/// <summary> /// 获取或设置与<see cref =“IJob”/>相关联的<see cref =“JobDataMap”/>。 /// </summary> public virtual JobDataMap JobDataMap { get { if (jobDataMap == null) { jobDataMap = new JobDataMap(); } return jobDataMap; } set { jobDataMap = value; } }
3.JobKey:键由名称和组组成,名称必须是唯一的,在组内。 如果只指定一个组,则默认组将使用名称。
[Serializable] public sealed class JobKey : Key<JobKey> { public JobKey(string name) : base(name, null) { } public JobKey(string name, string group) : base(name, group) { } public static JobKey Create(string name) { return new JobKey(name, null); } public static JobKey Create(string name, string group) { return new JobKey(name, group); } }
4.StdSchedulerFactory.Initialize():
/// <summary> /// 使用初始化<see cref =“ISchedulerFactory”/> ///给定键值集合对象的内容。 /// </summary> public virtual void Initialize(NameValueCollection props) { cfg = new PropertiesParser(props); ValidateConfiguration(); } protected virtual void ValidateConfiguration() { if (!cfg.GetBooleanProperty(PropertyCheckConfiguration, true)) { // should not validate return; } // determine currently supported configuration keys via reflection List<string> supportedKeys = new List<string>(); List<FieldInfo> fields = new List<FieldInfo>(GetType().GetFields(BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy)); // choose constant string fields fields = fields.FindAll(field => field.FieldType == typeof (string)); // read value from each field foreach (FieldInfo field in fields) { string value = (string) field.GetValue(null); if (value != null && value.StartsWith(ConfigurationKeyPrefix) && value != ConfigurationKeyPrefix) { supportedKeys.Add(value); } } // now check against allowed foreach (string configurationKey in cfg.UnderlyingProperties.AllKeys) { if (!configurationKey.StartsWith(ConfigurationKeyPrefix) || configurationKey.StartsWith(ConfigurationKeyPrefixServer)) { // don't bother if truly unknown property continue; } bool isMatch = false; foreach (string supportedKey in supportedKeys) { if (configurationKey.StartsWith(supportedKey, StringComparison.InvariantCulture)) { isMatch = true; break; } } if (!isMatch) { throw new SchedulerConfigException("Unknown configuration property '" + configurationKey + "'"); } } }
三.Quartz.NET的基本应用:
下面提供一些较为通用的任务处理代码:
1.任务处理帮助类:
/// <summary> /// 任务处理帮助类 /// </summary> public class QuartzHelper { public QuartzHelper() { } public QuartzHelper(string quartzServer, string quartzPort) { Server = quartzServer; Port = quartzPort; } /// <summary> /// 锁对象 /// </summary> private static readonly object Obj = new object(); /// <summary> /// 方案 /// </summary> private const string Scheme = "tcp"; /// <summary> /// 服务器的地址 /// </summary> public static string Server { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 服务器的端口 /// </summary> public static string Port { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 缓存任务所在程序集信息 /// </summary> private static readonly Dictionary<string, Assembly> AssemblyDict = new Dictionary<string, Assembly>(); /// <summary> /// 程序调度 /// </summary> private static IScheduler _scheduler; /// <summary> /// 初始化任务调度对象 /// </summary> public static void InitScheduler() { try { lock (Obj) { if (_scheduler != null) return; //配置文件的方式,配置quartz实例 ISchedulerFactory schedulerFactory = new StdSchedulerFactory(); _scheduler = schedulerFactory.GetScheduler(); } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.Message); } } /// <summary> /// 启用任务调度 /// 启动调度时会把任务表中状态为“执行中”的任务加入到任务调度队列中 /// </summary> public static void StartScheduler() { try { if (_scheduler.IsStarted) return; //添加全局监听 _scheduler.ListenerManager.AddTriggerListener(new CustomTriggerListener(), GroupMatcher<TriggerKey>.AnyGroup()); _scheduler.Start(); //获取所有执行中的任务 List<TaskModel> listTask = TaskHelper.GetAllTaskList().ToList(); if (listTask.Count > 0) { foreach (TaskModel taskUtil in listTask) { try { ScheduleJob(taskUtil); } catch (Exception e) { throw new Exception(taskUtil.TaskName,e); } } } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.Message); } } /// <summary> /// 启用任务 /// <param name="task">任务信息</param> /// <param name="isDeleteOldTask">是否删除原有任务</param> /// <returns>返回任务trigger</returns> /// </summary> public static void ScheduleJob(TaskModel task, bool isDeleteOldTask = false) { if (isDeleteOldTask) { //先删除现有已存在任务 DeleteJob(task.TaskID.ToString()); } //验证是否正确的Cron表达式 if (ValidExpression(task.CronExpressionString)) { IJobDetail job = new JobDetailImpl(task.TaskID.ToString(), GetClassInfo(task.AssemblyName, task.ClassName)); //添加任务执行参数 job.JobDataMap.Add("TaskParam", task.TaskParam); CronTriggerImpl trigger = new CronTriggerImpl { CronExpressionString = task.CronExpressionString, Name = task.TaskID.ToString(), Description = task.TaskName }; _scheduler.ScheduleJob(job, trigger); if (task.Status == TaskStatus.STOP) { JobKey jk = new JobKey(task.TaskID.ToString()); _scheduler.PauseJob(jk); } else { List<DateTime> list = GetNextFireTime(task.CronExpressionString, 5); foreach (var time in list) { LogHelper.WriteLog(time.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); } } } else { throw new Exception(task.CronExpressionString + "不是正确的Cron表达式,无法启动该任务!"); } } /// <summary> /// 初始化 远程Quartz服务器中的,各个Scheduler实例。 /// 提供给远程管理端的后台,用户获取Scheduler实例的信息。 /// </summary> public static void InitRemoteScheduler() { try { NameValueCollection properties = new NameValueCollection { ["quartz.scheduler.instanceName"] = "ExampleQuartzScheduler", ["quartz.scheduler.proxy"] = "true", ["quartz.scheduler.proxy.address"] =string.Format("{0}://{1}:{2}/QuartzScheduler", Scheme, Server, Port) }; ISchedulerFactory sf = new StdSchedulerFactory(properties); _scheduler = sf.GetScheduler(); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.StackTrace); } } /// <summary> /// 删除现有任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="jobKey"></param> public static void DeleteJob(string jobKey) { try { JobKey jk = new JobKey(jobKey); if (_scheduler.CheckExists(jk)) { //任务已经存在则删除 _scheduler.DeleteJob(jk); } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.Message); } } /// <summary> /// 暂停任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="jobKey"></param> public static void PauseJob(string jobKey) { try { JobKey jk = new JobKey(jobKey); if (_scheduler.CheckExists(jk)) { //任务已经存在则暂停任务 _scheduler.PauseJob(jk); } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.Message); } } /// <summary> /// 恢复运行暂停的任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="jobKey">任务key</param> public static void ResumeJob(string jobKey) { try { JobKey jk = new JobKey(jobKey); if (_scheduler.CheckExists(jk)) { //任务已经存在则暂停任务 _scheduler.ResumeJob(jk); } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.Message); } } /// <summary> /// 获取类的属性、方法 /// </summary> /// <param name="assemblyName">程序集</param> /// <param name="className">类名</param> private static Type GetClassInfo(string assemblyName, string className) { try { assemblyName = FileHelper.GetAbsolutePath(assemblyName + ".dll"); Assembly assembly = null; if (!AssemblyDict.TryGetValue(assemblyName, out assembly)) { assembly = Assembly.LoadFrom(assemblyName); AssemblyDict[assemblyName] = assembly; } Type type = assembly.GetType(className, true, true); return type; } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.Message); } } /// <summary> /// 停止任务调度 /// </summary> public static void StopSchedule() { try { //判断调度是否已经关闭 if (!_scheduler.IsShutdown) { //等待任务运行完成 _scheduler.Shutdown(true); } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception(ex.Message); } } /// <summary> /// 校验字符串是否为正确的Cron表达式 /// </summary> /// <param name="cronExpression">带校验表达式</param> /// <returns></returns> public static bool ValidExpression(string cronExpression) { return CronExpression.IsValidExpression(cronExpression); } /// <summary> /// 获取任务在未来周期内哪些时间会运行 /// </summary> /// <param name="CronExpressionString">Cron表达式</param> /// <param name="numTimes">运行次数</param> /// <returns>运行时间段</returns> public static List<DateTime> GetNextFireTime(string CronExpressionString, int numTimes) { if (numTimes < 0) { throw new Exception("参数numTimes值大于等于0"); } //时间表达式 ITrigger trigger = TriggerBuilder.Create().WithCronSchedule(CronExpressionString).Build(); IList<DateTimeOffset> dates = TriggerUtils.ComputeFireTimes(trigger as IOperableTrigger, null, numTimes); List<DateTime> list = new List<DateTime>(); foreach (DateTimeOffset dtf in dates) { list.Add(TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTimeFromUtc(dtf.DateTime, TimeZoneInfo.Local)); } return list; } public static object CurrentTaskList() { throw new NotImplementedException(); } /// <summary> /// 获取当前执行的Task 对象 /// </summary> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static TaskModel GetTaskDetail(IJobExecutionContext context) { TaskModel task = new TaskModel(); if (context != null) { task.TaskID = Guid.Parse(context.Trigger.Key.Name); task.TaskName = context.Trigger.Description; task.RecentRunTime = DateTime.Now; task.TaskParam = context.JobDetail.JobDataMap.Get("TaskParam") != null ? context.JobDetail.JobDataMap.Get("TaskParam").ToString() : ""; } return task; } }
2.设置执行中的任务:
public class TaskBll { private readonly TaskDAL _dal = new TaskDAL(); /// <summary> /// 获取任务列表 /// </summary> /// <param name="pageIndex"></param> /// <param name="pageSize"></param> /// <returns></returns> public PageOf<TaskModel> GetTaskList(int pageIndex, int pageSize) { return _dal.GetTaskList(pageIndex, pageSize); } /// <summary> /// 读取数据库中全部的任务 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public List<TaskModel> GetAllTaskList() { return _dal.GetAllTaskList(); } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="taskId"></param> /// <returns></returns> public TaskModel GetById(string taskId) { throw new NotImplementedException(); } /// <summary> /// 删除任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="taskId"></param> /// <returns></returns> public bool DeleteById(string taskId) { return _dal.UpdateTaskStatus(taskId, -1); } /// <summary> /// 修改任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="taskId"></param> /// <param name="status"></param> /// <returns></returns> public bool UpdateTaskStatus(string taskId, int status) { return _dal.UpdateTaskStatus(taskId, status); } /// <summary> /// 修改任务的下次启动时间 /// </summary> /// <param name="taskId"></param> /// <param name="nextFireTime"></param> /// <returns></returns> public bool UpdateNextFireTime(string taskId, DateTime nextFireTime) { return _dal.UpdateNextFireTime(taskId, nextFireTime); } /// <summary> /// 根据任务Id 修改 上次运行时间 /// </summary> /// <param name="taskId"></param> /// <param name="recentRunTime"></param> /// <returns></returns> public bool UpdateRecentRunTime(string taskId, DateTime recentRunTime) { return _dal.UpdateRecentRunTime(taskId, recentRunTime); } /// <summary> /// 根据任务Id 获取任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="taskId"></param> /// <returns></returns> public TaskModel GetTaskById(string taskId) { return _dal.GetTaskById(taskId); } /// <summary> /// 添加任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="task"></param> /// <returns></returns> public bool Add(TaskModel task) { return _dal.Add(task); } /// <summary> /// 修改任务 /// </summary> /// <param name="task"></param> /// <returns></returns> public bool Edit(TaskModel task) { return _dal.Edit(task); } }
3.任务实体:
/// <summary> /// 任务实体 /// </summary> public class TaskModel { /// <summary> /// 任务ID /// </summary> public Guid TaskID { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务名称 /// </summary> public string TaskName { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务执行参数 /// </summary> public string TaskParam { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 运行频率设置 /// </summary> public string CronExpressionString { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务运频率中文说明 /// </summary> public string CronRemark { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务所在DLL对应的程序集名称 /// </summary> public string AssemblyName { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务所在类 /// </summary> public string ClassName { get; set; } public TaskStatus Status { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务创建时间 /// </summary> public DateTime? CreatedTime { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务修改时间 /// </summary> public DateTime? ModifyTime { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务最近运行时间 /// </summary> public DateTime? RecentRunTime { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务下次运行时间 /// </summary> public DateTime? NextFireTime { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 任务备注 /// </summary> public string Remark { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 是否删除 /// </summary> public int IsDelete { get; set; } }
4.配置文件:
# You can configure your scheduler in either <quartz> configuration section # or in quartz properties file # Configuration section has precedence quartz.scheduler.instanceName = ExampleQuartzScheduler # configure thread pool info quartz.threadPool.type = Quartz.Simpl.SimpleThreadPool, Quartz quartz.threadPool.threadCount = 10 quartz.threadPool.threadPriority = Normal # job initialization plugin handles our xml reading, without it defaults are used # quartz.plugin.xml.type = Quartz.Plugin.Xml.XMLSchedulingDataProcessorPlugin, Quartz # quartz.plugin.xml.fileNames = ~/quartz_jobs.xml # export this server to remoting context quartz.scheduler.exporter.type = Quartz.Simpl.RemotingSchedulerExporter, Quartz quartz.scheduler.exporter.port = 555 quartz.scheduler.exporter.bindName = QuartzScheduler quartz.scheduler.exporter.channelType = tcp quartz.scheduler.exporter.channelName = httpQuartz
四.总结:
在项目中比较多的使用到定时任务的功能,今天的介绍的组件可以很好的完成一些定时任务的要求。这篇文章主要是作为引子,简单的介绍了组件的背景和组件的使用方式,如果项目中需要使用,可以进行更加深入的了解。