当k8s集群开启了TLS认证后,每个节点的kubelet组件都要使用由kube-apiserver的CA签发的有效证书才能与kube-apiserver通信;当节点非常多的时候,为每个节点都单独签署证书是一件非常繁琐而又耗时的事情。
此时k8s TLS bootstrap功能应运而生。
k8s TLS bootstrap功能就是让kubelet先使用一个预先商定好的低权限的bootstrap token连接到kube-apiserver,向kube-apiserver申请证书,然后kube-controller-manager给kubelet动态签署证书,后续kubelet都将通过动态签署的证书与kube-apiserver通信。
TLS bootstrap涉及组件相关参数 1.kube-apiserver(1)--client-ca-file
:认证客户端证书的CA证书;
(2)--enable-bootstrap-token-auth
:设置为true则代表开启TLS bootstrap特性;
(1)--cluster-signing-cert-file
、--cluster-signing-key-file
:用来签发kubelet证书的CA证书和私钥,这里的kubelet证书指的是用来跟kube-apiserver通信,kube-apiserver认证kubelet身份的证书,所以--cluster-signing-cert-file指定的值与kube-apiserver的--client-ca-file指定值一致,而私钥则也是对应的私钥;
(2)--cluster-signing-duration
:签发给kubelet的证书有效期;
(1)--bootstrap-kubeconfig
:TLS bootstrap的配置文件,文件中一般包含bootstrap token和master url等信息;
(2)--kubeconfig
:在kubelet的CSR被批复并被kubelet取回时,一个引用所生成的密钥和所获得证书的kubeconfig文件会被写入到通过 --kubeconfig所指定的文件路径下,而证书和密钥文件会被放到--cert-dir所指定的目录中;
(3)--rotate-certificates
:开启证书轮换,kubelet在其现有证书即将过期时通过创建新的CSR来轮换其客户端证书。
下面以kubeadm使用k8s TLS bootstrap将一个node节点加入已有的master为例,对TLS bootstrap部分进行详细流程解析。
1.RBAC相关操作(1)生成bootstrap token,创建bootstrap token secret;
bootstrap token secret模板:
apiVersion: v1
data:
auth-extra-groups: system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
expiration: 2022-04-03T11:13:09+08:00
token-id: {token-id}
token-secret: {token-secret}
usage-bootstrap-authentication: "true"
usage-bootstrap-signing: "true"
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: bootstrap-token-{token-id}
namespace: kube-system
type: bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token
关于bootstrap token secret相关的格式说明:
secret的name格式为bootstrap-token-{token-id}
的格式;
secret的type固定为bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token
;
secret data中的token-id为6位数字字母组合字符串,token-secret为16位数字字母组合字符串;
secret data中的auth-extra-groups
定义了bootstrap token所代表用户所属的的group,kubeadm使用了system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
;
secret所对应的bootstrap token为{token-id}.{token-secret}
;
bootstrap token secret示例:
apiVersion: v1
data:
auth-extra-groups: system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
expiration: 2022-04-03T11:13:09+08:00
token-id: abcdef
token-secret: 0123456789abcdef
usage-bootstrap-authentication: "true"
usage-bootstrap-signing: "true"
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: bootstrap-token-abcdef
namespace: kube-system
type: bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token
上述secret示例中,kubeadm生成的bootstrap token为abcdef.0123456789abcdef
,其代表的用户所在用户组为system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
;
(2)授予bootstrap token创建CSR证书签名请求的权限,即授予kubelet创建CSR证书签名请求的权限;
即创建ClusterRoleBinding -- kubeadm:kubelet-bootstrap
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: kubeadm:kubelet-bootstrap
...
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: system:node-bootstrapper
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
kubeadm生成的bootstrap token所代表的用户所在用户组为system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
,所以这里绑定权限的时候将权限绑定给了用户组system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
;
接下来看下被授予的权限ClusterRole -- system:node-bootstrapper
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: system:node-bootstrapper
...
rules:
- apiGroups:
- certificates.k8s.io
resources:
- certificatesigningrequests
verbs:
- create
- get
- list
- watch
(3)授予bootstrap token权限,让kube-controller-manager可以自动审批其发起的CSR;
即创建ClusterRoleBinding -- kubeadm:node-autoapprove-bootstrap
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: kubeadm:node-autoapprove-bootstrap
...
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclient
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
kubeadm生成的bootstrap token所代表的用户所在用户组为system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
,所以这里绑定权限的时候将权限绑定给了用户组system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
;
接下来看下被授予的权限ClusterRole -- system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclient
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclient
...
rules:
- apiGroups:
- certificates.k8s.io
resources:
- certificatesigningrequests/nodeclient
verbs:
- create
(4)授予kubelet权限,让kube-controller-manager自动批复kubelet的证书轮换请求;
即创建ClusterRoleBinding -- kubeadm:node-autoapprove-certificate-rotation
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: kubeadm:node-autoapprove-certificate-rotation
...
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:selfnodeclient
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:nodes
kubelet创建的CSR用户名格式为system:node:<name>
,用户组为system:nodes
,所以kube-controller-manager为kubelet生成的证书所代表的用户所在用户组为system:nodes
,所以这里绑定权限的时候将权限绑定给了用户组system:nodes
;
接下来看下被授予的权限ClusterRole -- system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:selfnodeclient
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:selfnodeclient
...
rules:
- apiGroups:
- certificates.k8s.io
resources:
- certificatesigningrequests/selfnodeclient
verbs:
- create
2.启动kubelet,开始TLS bootstrap
(0)根据bootstrap token以及master url等信息生成bootstrap-kubeconfig文件;
(1)启动kubelet,配置了kubeconfig文件目录,但kubeconfig文件为空,再指定bootstrap-kubeconfig文件为上述步骤生成的bootstrap-kubeconfig文件;
(2)kubelet发现配置的kubeconfig文件为空,则加载bootstrap-kubeconfig文件,读取其中的bootstrap token以及master url;
(3)kubelet使用bootstrap token与apiserver通信,创建CSR证书签名请求;
(4)kube-controller-manager批复CSR证书签名请求,为其签发相关证书;
(5)kubelet取回kube-controller-manager生成的相关证书,默认存放在/var/lib/kubelet/pki 目录下,然后根据证书生成kubeconfig文件,后续kubelet将使用该kubeconfig文件与kube-apiserver进行认证通信;
# ls /var/lib/kubelet/pki/
kubelet-client-2022-03-18-14-29-00.pem kubelet-client-current.pem kubelet.crt kubelet.key
kubelet-client-current.pem是个软链,指向kubelet-client-2022-03-18-14-29-00.pem文件,kubelet-client-2022-03-18-14-29-00.pem文件名记录的是证书创建时间,后续kubelet将会根据证书过期时间,在证书临过期前向kube-apiserver重新申请证书,然后自动轮换该证书;
# cat /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
certificate-authority-data: LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJQ0F...
server: https://192.168.1.10:6443
name: test-cluster
contexts:
- context:
cluster: test-cluster
user: system:node:test-cluster-node-1
name: system:node:test-cluster-node-1
current-context: system:node:test-cluster-node-1
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: system:node:test-cluster-node-1
user:
client-certificate: /var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem
client-key: /var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem
3.kubelet自动轮换证书
(1)kubelet在证书接近于过期时自动向kube-apiserver请求更新证书;
(2)kube-controller-manager自动批复,为其签发新的证书;
(3)kubelet取回kube-controller-manager生成的相关证书,替换掉本地的旧证书,后续kubelet将使用新证书来与kube-apiserver进行认证通信;
总结最后以一幅图来总结一下k8s TLS bootstrap的整个流程。