Predicate函数编程
Predicate功能判断输入的对象是否符合某个条件。官方文档解释到:Determines if the input object matches some criteria.
了解Predicate接口作用后,在学习Predicate函数编程前,先看一下Java 8关于Predicate的源码:
@FunctionalInterface public interface Predicate<T> { /** * Evaluates this predicate on the given argument. * * @param t the input argument * @return {@code true} if the input argument matches the predicate, * otherwise {@code false} */ boolean test(T t); default Predicate<T> and(Predicate<? super T> other) { Objects.requireNonNull(other); return (t) -> test(t) && other.test(t); } default Predicate<T> negate() { return (t) -> !test(t); } default Predicate<T> or(Predicate<? super T> other) { Objects.requireNonNull(other); return (t) -> test(t) || other.test(t); } static <T> Predicate<T> isEqual(Object targetRef) { return (null == targetRef) ? Objects::isNull : object -> targetRef.equals(object); } }
从上面代码可以发现,Java 8新增了接口的默认(default)方法和(static)静态方法。在Java 8以前,接口里的方法要求全部是抽象方法。但是静态(static)方法只能通过接口名调用,不可以通过实现类的类名或者实现类的对象调用;默认(default)方法只能通过接口实现类的对象来调用。
接下来主要来使用接口方法test,可以使用匿名内部类提供test()方法的实现,也可以使用lambda表达式实现test()。
体验一下Predicate的函数式编程,使用lambda实现。其测试代码如下:
@Test public void testPredicate(){ java.util.function.Predicate<Integer> boolValue = x -> x > 5; System.out.println(boolValue.test(1));//false System.out.println(boolValue.test(6));//true }
第1行代码:定义一个Predicate实现,入参为Integer,返回传入参数与5做比较。
第2,3行代码调用第一行,传入相关参数。
Consumer函数编程
Consumer接口的文档声明如下:
An operation which accepts a single input argument and returns no result. Unlike most other functional interfaces, Consumer is expected to operate via side-effects.
即接口表示一个接受单个输入参数并且没有返回值的操作。不像其它函数式接口,Consumer接口期望执行带有副作用的操作(Consumer的操作可能会更改输入参数的内部状态)。
同样,在了解Consumer函数编程前,看一下Consumer源代码,其源代码如下:
@FunctionalInterface public interface Consumer<T> { /** * Performs this operation on the given argument. * * @param t the input argument */ void accept(T t); /** * Returns a composed {@code Consumer} that performs, in sequence, this * operation followed by the {@code after} operation. If performing either * operation throws an exception, it is relayed to the caller of the * composed operation. If performing this operation throws an exception, * the {@code after} operation will not be performed. * * @param after the operation to perform after this operation * @return a composed {@code Consumer} that performs in sequence this * operation followed by the {@code after} operation * @throws NullPointerException if {@code after} is null */ default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) { Objects.requireNonNull(after); return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); }; } }
从上面代码可以看出,Consumer使用了Java 8接口新特性——接口默认(default)方法。接下来使用接口方法accept,体验一下Consumer函数编程。其测试代码如下:
@Test public void testConsumer(){ User user = new User("zm"); //接受一个参数 Consumer<User> userConsumer = User1 -> User1.setName("zmChange"); userConsumer.accept(user); System.out.println(user.getName());//zmChange }
在Java 8之前的实现如下:
@Test public void test(){ User user = new User("zm"); this.change(user); System.out.println(user.getName());//输出zmChange } private void change(User user){ user.setName("zmChange"); }
Predicate和Consumer综合应用
为了详细说明Predicate和Consumer接口,通过一个学生例子:Student类包含姓名、分数以及待付费用,每个学生可根据分数获得不同程度的费用折扣。
Student类源代码:
public class Student { String firstName; String lastName; Double grade; Double feeDiscount = 0.0; Double baseFee = 2000.0; public Student(String firstName, String lastName, Double grade) { this.firstName = firstName; this.lastName = lastName; this.grade = grade; } public void printFee(){ Double newFee = baseFee - ((baseFee * feeDiscount)/100); System.out.println("The fee after discount: " + newFee); } }
然后分别声明一个接受Student对象的Predicate接口以及Consumer接口的实现类。本例子使用Predicate接口实现类的test()方法判断输入的Student对象是否拥有费用打折的资格,然后使用Consumer接口的实现类更新输入的Student对象的折扣。
public class PredicateConsumerDemo { public static Student updateStudentFee(Student student, Predicate<Student> predicate, Consumer<Student> consumer){ if (predicate.test(student)){ consumer.accept(student); } return student; } }
Predicate和Consumer接口的test()和accept()方法都接受一个泛型参数。不同的是test()方法进行某些逻辑判断并返回一个boolean值,而accept()接受并改变某个对象的内部值。updateStudentFee方法的调用如下所示:
public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Student student1 = new Student("Ashok","Kumar", 9.5); student1 = updateStudentFee(student1, //Lambda expression for Predicate interface student -> student.grade > 8.5, //Lambda expression for Consumer inerface student -> student.feeDiscount = 30.0); student1.printFee(); //The fee after discount: 1400.0 Student student2 = new Student("Rajat","Verma", 8.0); student2 = updateStudentFee(student2, //Lambda expression for Predicate interface student -> student.grade >= 8, //Lambda expression for Consumer inerface student -> student.feeDiscount = 20.0); student2.printFee();//The fee after discount: 1600.0 } }
通过简单对Predicate接口和Consumer接口进行应用,对函数式编程有了一个直观认识。
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