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MySQL 数据库SQL 语句的高阶运用(一)

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@[toc] 一、准备 1.源码编译安装 MySQL Mysql 服务(一键部署) 2.创建两个表以作例子 mysql -uroot -p123123create database train_ticket;#创建库use train_ticket;create table REGION(region varchar(10),site varchar(20)

@[toc]

一、准备

1.源码编译安装 MySQL

Mysql 服务(一键部署)

2.创建两个表以作例子

mysql -uroot -p123123 create database train_ticket; #创建库 use train_ticket; create table REGION(region varchar(10),site varchar(20)); create table FARE(site varchar(20),money int(10),date varchar(15)); #创建表 desc REGION; desc FARE; #查看表结构

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insert into REGION values ('south','shenzhen'); insert into REGION values ('south','hongkong'); insert into REGION values ('north','beijing'); insert into REGION values ('north','tianjin'); #在表一中插入数据 select * from REGION; #查看表中的所有数据

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insert into FARE values ('shenzhen',1000,'2021-01-30'); insert into FARE values ('hongkong',1500,'2021-01-30'); insert into FARE values ('beijing',800,'2021-01-30'); insert into FARE values ('tianjin',500,'2021-01-30'); insert into FARE values ('hongkong',2000,'2021-02-05'); select * from FARE;

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二、SQL 语句高阶运用

1.SELECT

显示表格中一个或数个字段的所有资料用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 例: select region from REGION; select money from FARE;

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2.DISTINCT

不显示重复的资料,及去重用法:

ELECT DISTINCT 字段 FROM 表名 例: select distinct region from REGION; select distinct date from FARE;

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3.WHERE

有条件查询用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 WHERE 条件 例: select site from FARE where money > 1000; select site from FARE where money = 1000; select site from FARE where money < 1000;

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4.AND、OR

且和或用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 WHERE 条件1 [AND|OR] (条件2); 例: select site from FARE where money > 800 and (money < 2000); select site,money from FARE where money < 600 or (money < 2100 and money >700); select site,money,date from FARE where money >= 500 and (date < '2021-02-07' and money < 1000);

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5.IN

显示已知的资料用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 IN ('值1','值2',...); 例: select site,money from FARE where money in (1500,500); select money,date from FARE where money in (800,2000);

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6.BETWEEN

显示两个值范围内的资料用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 BETWEEN '值1' and '值2'; 例: select * from FARE where money between 500 and 2000; select * from FARE where money between 666 and 1888;

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7.通配符(LIKE)

通常通配符都是跟LIKE一起使用%:百分号表示零个、一个或多个字符_:下划线表示单个字符LIKE:用于匹配模式来查找资料用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 LIKE ‘模式’; 例: select * from FARE where site LIKE 'be%'; select * from FARE where site LIKE 'ho%';

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select site,money from FARE where site LIKE '%jin_'; select site,money from FARE where site LIKE '%kon_';

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8.ORDER BY

按关键字排序用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 [WHERE 条件] ORDER BY 字段 [ASC,DESC]; #ASC:按照升序进行排序,默认的排序方式 #DESC:按照降序进行排序 例: select * from FARE order by money desc; select * from FARE order by money asc;

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select date,money from FARE order by money desc; select date,money from FARE where money > 999 order by money asc;

三、函数

1.数学函数

具体用法如下表所示:

函数 解释 abs(x) 返回 x 的绝对值 rand() 返回 0 到 1 的随机数 mod(x,y) 返回 x 除以 y 以后的余数 power(x,y) 返回 x 的 y 次方 round(x) 返回离 x 最近的整数 round(x,y) 保留 x 的 y 位小数四舍五入后的值 sqrt(x) 返回 x 的平方根 truncate(x,y) 返回数字 x 截断为 y 位小数的值 ceil(x) 返回大于或等于 x 的最小整数 floor(x) 返回小于或等于 x 的最大整数 greatest(x1,x2…) 返回集合中最大的值 east(x1,x2…) 返回集合中最小的值

例:

select abs(-1),rand(),mod(5,3),power(2,3),round(1.567); select sqrt(9),truncate(1.2345,2),ceil(1.3); floor(1.7),greatest(1,2,3,4,5),least(1,2,3,4,5);

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2.聚合函数

具体用法如下表所示:

函数 解释 avg() 返回指定列的平均值 count() 返回指定列中非 NULL 值的个数 min() 返回指定列的最小值 max() 返回指定列的最大值 sum(x) 返回指定列的所有值之和

例:

select avg(money) from FARE; select count(money) from FARE; select min(money) from FARE; select max(money) from FARE; select sum(money) from FARE;

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3.字符串函数

函数 解释 trim() 返回去除指定格式的值 concat(x,y) 将提供的参数 x 和 y 拼接成一个字符串 substr(x,y) 获取从字符串 x 中的第 y 个位置开始的字符串,跟substring()函数作用相同 substr(x,y,z) 获取从字符串 x 中的第 y 个位置开始长度为 z 的字符串 length(x) 返回字符串 x 的长度 replace(x,y,z) 将字符串 z 替代字符串 x 中的字符串 y upper(x) 将字符串 x 的所有字母变成大写字母 lower(x) 将字符串 x 的所有字母变成小写字母 left(x,y) 返回字符串 x 的前 y 个字符 right(x,y) 返回字符串 x 的后 y 个字符 repeat(x,y) 将字符串 x 重复 y 次 space(x) 返回 x 个空格 strcmp(x,y) 比较 x 和 y,返回的值可以为-1,0,1 reverse(x) 将字符串 x 反转
  • [位置]:的值可以为 LEADING (起头), TRAILING (结尾), BOTH (起头及结尾)
  • [要移除的字符串]:从字串的起头、结尾,或起头及结尾移除的字符串;缺省时为空格
  • 例: select trim(leading 'be' from 'beijing'); select trim(trailing '--' from 'beijing--'); select trim(both '--' from '--shenzhen--');

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select concat(region,site) from REGION where region = 'south'; select concat(region,' ',site) from REGION where region = 'south';

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select substr(money,1,2) from FARE; select substr(money,1,3) from FARE;

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select length(site) from FARE; select length(date) from FARE;

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select replace(site,'zhen','--') from FARE; select replace(site,'on','--') from FARE;

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select upper(site) from FARE; select upper(region) from REGION;

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select lower('ABCDERG');

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select left(site,2) from FARE; select right(site,3) from FARE;

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select repeat(site,2) from FARE; select repeat(region,3) from REGION;

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select space(2);

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select strcmp(100,200); select strcmp(200,100); select strcmp(200,200);

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select reverse(site) from FARE; select reverse(date) from FARE;

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4.'||'连接符

如果在 mysql 的配置文件中,sql_mode 开启开启了 PIPES_AS_CONCAT,则"||"视为字符串的连接操作符而非或运算符和字符串的拼接函数 Concat 相类似,这和 Oracle 数据库使用方法一样的10.png

mysql -uroot -p123123 use train_ticket; select region || ' ' || site from REGION where region = 'north'; select site || ' ' || money || ' ' || date from FARE;

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5.GROUP BY

BY 后面的栏位的查询结果进行汇总分组,通常是结合聚合函数一起使用的GROUP BY 有一个原则,就是 SELECT 后面的所有列中,没有使用聚合函数的列,必须出现在 GROUP BY 后面用法:

select site,sum(money) from FARE group by site; select site,sum(money),date from FARE group by site order by money desc; select site,count(money),sum(money),date from FARE group by site order by money desc;

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6.HAVING

用来过滤由 GROUP BY 语句返回的记录集,通常与 GROUP BY 语句联合使用HAVING 语句的存在弥补了 WHERE 关键字不能与聚合函数联合使用的不足如果被 SELECT 的只有函数栏,那就不需要 GROUP BY 子句用法:

SELECT 字段1,SUM(字段2) FROM 表名 GROUP BY 字段1 HAVING(函数条件); 例: select site,count(money),sum(money),date from FARE group by site having sum(money) >=800;

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7.别名

用于字段别名与表格别名用法:

SELECT “表格別名”.“字段1” [AS] “字段1別名” FROM “表格名” [AS] “表格別名”; 例: select RE.region AS reg, count(site) from REGION AS RE group by reg; select FA.site AS si,sum(money),count(money),date AS da from FARE AS FA group by si;

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8.子查询

连接表格,在 WHERE 子句或 HAVING 子句中插入另一个 SQL 语句

#可以是符号的运算符 #例:=、>、<、>=、<= #也可以是文字的运算符 #例:LIKE、IN、BETWEEN 例: select A.site,region from REGION AS A where A.site in(select B.site from FARE AS B where money<2000); select B.site,money,date from FARE AS B where site in(select A.site from REGION AS A where region = 'north');

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9.EXISTS

用来测试内查询有没有产生任何结果,类似布尔值是否为真如果有的话,系统就会执行外查询中的SQL语句若是没有,那整个SQL语句就不会产生任何结果用法:

SELECT 字段1 FROM 表1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM 表2 WHERE 条件); 例: use train_ticket; select region from REGION where exists (select * from FARE where money = '800'); select site from REGION where exists (select * from FARE where money = '801'); select * from FARE where money = '800'; select * from FARE where money = '801'; select site from REGION;

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10.连接查询

10.1 inner join——等值相连

只返回两个表中联接字段相等的行用法:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表1 INNER JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段; 例: select * from REGION AS A inner join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site;

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10.2 left join——左联接

返回包括左表中所有记录和右表中联接字段相等的记录例:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表1 LEFT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段; 例: select * from REGION AS A left join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site;

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10.3 right join——右联接

返回包括右表中的所有记录和左表中联接字段相等的记录例:

SELECT 字段 FROM 表1 RIGHT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段; 例: update FARE set site='nanjing' where money='2000'; select * from REGION AS A right join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site;

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