By LiAnLab.org/宋宝华 在我们使用ARM等嵌入式Linux系统的时候，一个头疼的问题是GPU，Camera，HDMI等都需要预留大量连续内存，这部分内存平时不用， 但是一般的做法又必须先预留着。目前
By LiAnLab.org/宋宝华
在我们使用ARM等嵌入式Linux系统的时候，一个头疼的问题是GPU，Camera，HDMI等都需要预留大量连续内存，这部分内存平时不用， 但是一般的做法又必须先预留着。目前，Marek Szyprowski和Michal Nazarewicz实现了一套全新的Contiguous Memory Allocator。通过这套机制，我们可以做到不预留内存，这些内存平时是可用的，只有当需要的时候才被分配给Camera，HDMI等设备。下面分析 它的基本代码流程。
声明连续内存
内核启动过程中arch/arm/mm/init.c中的arm_memblock_init()会调用dma_contiguous_reserve(min(arm_dma_limit, arm_lowmem_limit));
该函数位于：drivers/base/dma-contiguous.c
/** * dma_contiguous_reserve() - reserve area for contiguous memory handling * @limit: End address of the reserved memory (optional, 0 for any). * * This function reserves memory from early allocator. It should be * called by arch specific code once the early allocator (memblock or bootmem) * has been activated and all other subsystems have already allocated/reserved * memory. */ void __init dma_contiguous_reserve(phys_addr_t limit) { unsigned long selected_size = 0; pr_debug("%s(limit %08lx)\n", __func__, (unsigned long)limit); if (size_cmdline != -1) { selected_size = size_cmdline; } else { #ifdef CONFIG_CMA_SIZE_SEL_MBYTES selected_size = size_bytes; #elif defined(CONFIG_CMA_SIZE_SEL_PERCENTAGE) selected_size = cma_early_percent_memory(); #elif defined(CONFIG_CMA_SIZE_SEL_MIN) selected_size = min(size_bytes, cma_early_percent_memory()); #elif defined(CONFIG_CMA_SIZE_SEL_MAX) selected_size = max(size_bytes, cma_early_percent_memory()); #endif } if (selected_size) { pr_debug("%s: reserving %ld MiB for global area\n", __func__, selected_size / SZ_1M); dma_declare_contiguous(NULL, selected_size, 0, limit); } };其中的size_bytes定义为：
static const unsigned long size_bytes = CMA_SIZE_MBYTES * SZ_1M; 默认情况下，CMA_SIZE_MBYTES会被定义为16MB，来源于CONFIG_CMA_SIZE_MBYTES=16
->
int __init dma_declare_contiguous(struct device *dev, unsigned long size, phys_addr_t base, phys_addr_t limit) { ... /* Reserve memory */ if (base) { if (memblock_is_region_reserved(base, size) || memblock_reserve(base, size) < 0) { base = -EBUSY; goto err; } } else { /* * Use __memblock_alloc_base() since * memblock_alloc_base() panic()s. */ phys_addr_t addr = __memblock_alloc_base(size, alignment, limit); if (!addr) { base = -ENOMEM; goto err; } else if (addr + size > ~(unsigned long)0) { memblock_free(addr, size); base = -EINVAL; base = -EINVAL; goto err; } else { base = addr; } } /* * Each reserved area must be initialised later, when more kernel * subsystems (like slab allocator) are available. */ r->start = base; r->size = size; r->dev = dev; cma_reserved_count++; pr_info("CMA: reserved %ld MiB at %08lx\n", size / SZ_1M, (unsigned long)base); /* Architecture specific contiguous memory fixup. */ dma_contiguous_early_fixup(base, size); return 0; err: pr_err("CMA: failed to reserve %ld MiB\n", size / SZ_1M); return base; }由此可见，连续内存区域也是在内核启动的早期，通过__memblock_alloc_base()拿到的。
另外：
drivers/base/dma-contiguous.c里面的core_initcall()会导致cma_init_reserved_areas()被调用：
static int __init cma_init_reserved_areas(void) { struct cma_reserved *r = cma_reserved; unsigned i = cma_reserved_count; pr_debug("%s()\n", __func__); for (; i; --i, ++r) { struct cma *cma; cma = cma_create_area(PFN_DOWN(r->start), r->size >> PAGE_SHIFT); if (!IS_ERR(cma)) dev_set_cma_area(r->dev, cma); } return 0; } core_initcall(cma_init_reserved_areas);cma_create_area()会调用cma_activate_area(),cma_activate_area()函数则会针对每个page调用：
init_cma_reserved_pageblock(pfn_to_page(base_pfn));
这个函数则会通过set_pageblock_migratetype(page, MIGRATE_CMA)将页设置为MIGRATE_CMA类型的：
#ifdef CONFIG_CMA /* Free whole pageblock and set it's migration type to MIGRATE_CMA. */ void __init init_cma_reserved_pageblock(struct page *page) { unsigned i = pageblock_nr_pages; struct page *p = page; do { __ClearPageReserved(p); set_page_count(p, 0); } while (++p, --i); set_page_refcounted(page); set_pageblock_migratetype(page, MIGRATE_CMA); __free_pages(page, pageblock_order); totalram_pages += pageblock_nr_pages; } #endif同时其中调用的__free_pages(page, pageblock_order);最终会调用到__free_one_page(page, zone, order, migratetype);
相关的page会被加到MIGRATE_CMA的free_list上面去：
list_add(&page->lru, &zone->free_area[order].free_list[migratetype]);
申请连续内存
申请连续内存仍然使用标准的arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c中定义的dma_alloc_coherent()和dma_alloc_writecombine()，这二者会间接调用drivers/base/dma-contiguous.c中的
struct page *dma_alloc_from_contiguous(struct device *dev, int count, unsigned int align)->
struct page *dma_alloc_from_contiguous(struct device *dev, int count, unsigned int align) { ... for (;;) { pageno = bitmap_find_next_zero_area(cma->bitmap, cma->count, start, count, mask); if (pageno >= cma->count) { ret = -ENOMEM; goto error; } pfn = cma->base_pfn + pageno; ret = alloc_contig_range(pfn, pfn + count, MIGRATE_CMA); if (ret == 0) { bitmap_set(cma->bitmap, pageno, count); break; } else if (ret != -EBUSY) { goto error; } pr_debug("%s(): memory range at %p is busy, retrying\n", __func__, pfn_to_page(pfn)); /* try again with a bit different memory target */ start = pageno + mask + 1; } ... }
->
int alloc_contig_range(unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
unsigned migratetype)
需要隔离page，隔离page的作用通过代码的注释可以体现：
/* * What we do here is we mark all pageblocks in range as * MIGRATE_ISOLATE. Because of the way page allocator work, we * align the range to MAX_ORDER pages so that page allocator * won't try to merge buddies from different pageblocks and * change MIGRATE_ISOLATE to some other migration type. * * Once the pageblocks are marked as MIGRATE_ISOLATE, we * migrate the pages from an unaligned range (ie. pages that * we are interested in). This will put all the pages in * range back to page allocator as MIGRATE_ISOLATE. * * When this is done, we take the pages in range from page * allocator removing them from the buddy system. This way * page allocator will never consider using them. * * This lets us mark the pageblocks back as * MIGRATE_CMA/MIGRATE_MOVABLE so that free pages in the * MAX_ORDER aligned range but not in the unaligned, original * range are put back to page allocator so that buddy can use * them. */ ret = start_isolate_page_range(pfn_align_to_maxpage_down(start), pfn_align_to_maxpage_up(end), migratetype);简单地说，就是把相关的page标记为MIGRATE_ISOLATE，这样buddy系统就不会再使用他们。
/* * start_isolate_page_range() -- make page-allocation-type of range of pages * to be MIGRATE_ISOLATE. * @start_pfn: The lower PFN of the range to be isolated. * @end_pfn: The upper PFN of the range to be isolated. * @migratetype: migrate type to set in error recovery. * * Making page-allocation-type to be MIGRATE_ISOLATE means free pages in * the range will never be allocated. Any free pages and pages freed in the * future will not be allocated again. * * start_pfn/end_pfn must be aligned to pageblock_order. * Returns 0 on success and -EBUSY if any part of range cannot be isolated. */ int start_isolate_page_range(unsigned long start_pfn, unsigned long end_pfn, unsigned migratetype) { unsigned long pfn; unsigned long undo_pfn; struct page *page; BUG_ON((start_pfn) & (pageblock_nr_pages - 1)); BUG_ON((end_pfn) & (pageblock_nr_pages - 1)); for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < end_pfn; pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) { page = __first_valid_page(pfn, pageblock_nr_pages); if (page && set_migratetype_isolate(page)) { undo_pfn = pfn; goto undo; } } return 0; undo: for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < undo_pfn; pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) unset_migratetype_isolate(pfn_to_page(pfn), migratetype); return -EBUSY; }
接下来调用__alloc_contig_migrate_range()进行页面隔离和迁移:
static int __alloc_contig_migrate_range(unsigned long start, unsigned long end) { /* This function is based on compact_zone() from compaction.c. */ unsigned long pfn = start; unsigned int tries = 0; int ret = 0; struct compact_control cc = { .nr_migratepages = 0, .order = -1, .zone = page_zone(pfn_to_page(start)), .sync = true, }; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc.migratepages); migrate_prep_local(); while (pfn < end || !list_empty(&cc.migratepages)) { if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) { ret = -EINTR; break; } if (list_empty(&cc.migratepages)) { cc.nr_migratepages = 0; pfn = isolate_migratepages_range(cc.zone, &cc, pfn, end); if (!pfn) { ret = -EINTR; break; } tries = 0; } else if (++tries == 5) { ret = ret < 0 ? ret : -EBUSY; break; } ret = migrate_pages(&cc.migratepages, __alloc_contig_migrate_alloc, 0, false, true); } putback_lru_pages(&cc.migratepages); return ret > 0 ? 0 : ret; }其中的函数migrate_pages()会完成页面的迁移，迁移过程中通过传入的__alloc_contig_migrate_alloc()申请新的page，并将老的page付给新的page：
int migrate_pages(struct list_head *from, new_page_t get_new_page, unsigned long private, bool offlining, bool sync) { int retry = 1; int nr_failed = 0; int pass = 0; struct page *page; struct page *page2; int swapwrite = current->flags & PF_SWAPWRITE; int rc; if (!swapwrite) current->flags |= PF_SWAPWRITE; for(pass = 0; pass < 10 && retry; pass++) { retry = 0; list_for_each_entry_safe(page, page2, from, lru) { cond_resched(); rc = unmap_and_move(get_new_page, private, page, pass > 2, offlining, sync); switch(rc) { case -ENOMEM: goto out; case -EAGAIN: retry++; break; case 0: break; default: /* Permanent failure */ nr_failed++; break; } } } rc = 0; ... }其中的unmap_and_move()函数较为关键，它定义在mm/migrate.c中
/* * Obtain the lock on page, remove all ptes and migrate the page * to the newly allocated page in newpage. */ static int unmap_and_move(new_page_t get_new_page, unsigned long private, struct page *page, int force, bool offlining, bool sync) { int rc = 0; int *result = NULL; struct page *newpage = get_new_page(page, private, &result); int remap_swapcache = 1; int charge = 0; struct mem_cgroup *mem = NULL; struct anon_vma *anon_vma = NULL; ... /* charge against new page */ charge = mem_cgroup_prepare_migration(page, newpage, &mem); ... if (PageWriteback(page)) { if (!force || !sync) goto uncharge; wait_on_page_writeback(page); } /* * By try_to_unmap(), page->mapcount goes down to 0 here. In this case, * we cannot notice that anon_vma is freed while we migrates a page. * This get_anon_vma() delays freeing anon_vma pointer until the end * of migration. File cache pages are no problem because of page_lock() * File Caches may use write_page() or lock_page() in migration, then, * just care Anon page here. */ if (PageAnon(page)) { /* * Only page_lock_anon_vma() understands the subtleties of * getting a hold on an anon_vma from outside one of its mms. */ anon_vma = page_lock_anon_vma(page); if (anon_vma) { /* * Take a reference count on the anon_vma if the * page is mapped so that it is guaranteed to * exist when the page is remapped later */ get_anon_vma(anon_vma); page_unlock_anon_vma(anon_vma); } else if (PageSwapCache(page)) { /* * We cannot be sure that the anon_vma of an unmapped * swapcache page is safe to use because we don't * know in advance if the VMA that this page belonged * to still exists. If the VMA and others sharing the * data have been freed, then the anon_vma could * already be invalid. * * To avoid this possibility, swapcache pages get * migrated but are not remapped when migration * completes */ remap_swapcache = 0; } else { goto uncharge; } } ... /* Establish migration ptes or remove ptes */ try_to_unmap(page, TTU_MIGRATION|TTU_IGNORE_MLOCK|TTU_IGNORE_ACCESS); skip_unmap: if (!page_mapped(page)) rc = move_to_new_page(newpage, page, remap_swapcache); if (rc && remap_swapcache) remove_migration_ptes(page, page); /* Drop an anon_vma reference if we took one */ if (anon_vma) drop_anon_vma(anon_vma); uncharge: if (!charge) mem_cgroup_end_migration(mem, page, newpage, rc == 0); unlock: unlock_page(page); move_newpage: ... }通过unmap_and_move()，老的page就被迁移过去新的page。
接下来要回收page，回收page的作用是，不至于因为拿了连续的内存后，系统变得内存饥饿：
->
/* * Reclaim enough pages to make sure that contiguous allocation * will not starve the system. */ __reclaim_pages(zone, GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, end-start);->
/* * Trigger memory pressure bump to reclaim some pages in order to be able to * allocate 'count' pages in single page units. Does similar work as *__alloc_pages_slowpath() function. */ static int __reclaim_pages(struct zone *zone, gfp_t gfp_mask, int count) { enum zone_type high_zoneidx = gfp_zone(gfp_mask); struct zonelist *zonelist = node_zonelist(0, gfp_mask); int did_some_progress = 0; int order = 1; unsigned long watermark; /* * Increase level of watermarks to force kswapd do his job * to stabilise at new watermark level. */ __update_cma_watermarks(zone, count); /* Obey watermarks as if the page was being allocated */ watermark = low_wmark_pages(zone) + count; while (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, 0, watermark, 0, 0)) { wake_all_kswapd(order, zonelist, high_zoneidx, zone_idx(zone)); did_some_progress = __perform_reclaim(gfp_mask, order, zonelist, NULL); if (!did_some_progress) { /* Exhausted what can be done so it's blamo time */ out_of_memory(zonelist, gfp_mask, order, NULL); } } /* Restore original watermark levels. */ __update_cma_watermarks(zone, -count); return count; }
释放连续内存
内存释放的时候也比较简单，直接就是：
arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c：
void dma_free_coherent(struct device *dev, size_t size, void *cpu_addr, dma_addr_t handle)->
arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c:
static void __free_from_contiguous(struct device *dev, struct page *page, size_t size) { __dma_remap(page, size, pgprot_kernel); dma_release_from_contiguous(dev, page, size >> PAGE_SHIFT); }->
bool dma_release_from_contiguous(struct device *dev, struct page *pages, int count) { ... free_contig_range(pfn, count); .. }->
void free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned nr_pages) { for (; nr_pages--; ++pfn) __free_page(pfn_to_page(pfn)); }
将page交还给buddy。
内核内存分配的migratetype
内核内存分配的时候，带的标志是GFP_，但是GFP_可以转化为migratetype：
static inline int allocflags_to_migratetype(gfp_t gfp_flags) { WARN_ON((gfp_flags & GFP_MOVABLE_MASK) == GFP_MOVABLE_MASK); if (unlikely(page_group_by_mobility_disabled)) return MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE; /* Group based on mobility */ return (((gfp_flags & __GFP_MOVABLE) != 0) << 1) | ((gfp_flags & __GFP_RECLAIMABLE) != 0); }之后申请内存的时候，会对比迁移类型匹配的free_list：
page = get_page_from_freelist(gfp_mask|__GFP_HARDWALL, nodemask, order, zonelist, high_zoneidx, ALLOC_WMARK_LOW|ALLOC_CPUSET, preferred_zone, migratetype);另外，笔者也编写了一个测试程序，透过它随时测试CMA的功能：
/* * kernel module helper for testing CMA * * Licensed under GPLv2 or later. */ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/device.h> #include <linux/fs.h> #include <linux/miscdevice.h> #include <linux/dma-mapping.h> #define CMA_NUM 10 static struct device *cma_dev; static dma_addr_t dma_phys[CMA_NUM]; static void *dma_virt[CMA_NUM]; /* any read request will free coherent memory, eg. * cat /dev/cma_test */ static ssize_t cma_test_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos) { int i; for (i = 0; i < CMA_NUM; i++) { if (dma_virt[i]) { dma_free_coherent(cma_dev, (i + 1) * SZ_1M, dma_virt[i], dma_phys[i]); _dev_info(cma_dev, "free virt: %p phys: %p\n", dma_virt[i], (void *)dma_phys[i]); dma_virt[i] = NULL; break; } } return 0; } /* * any write request will alloc coherent memory, eg. * echo 0 > /dev/cma_test */ static ssize_t cma_test_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos) { int i; int ret; for (i = 0; i < CMA_NUM; i++) { if (!dma_virt[i]) { dma_virt[i] = dma_alloc_coherent(cma_dev, (i + 1) * SZ_1M, &dma_phys[i], GFP_KERNEL); if (dma_virt[i]) { void *p; /* touch every page in the allocated memory */ for (p = dma_virt[i]; p < dma_virt[i] + (i + 1) * SZ_1M; p += PAGE_SIZE) *(u32 *)p = 0; _dev_info(cma_dev, "alloc virt: %p phys: %p\n", dma_virt[i], (void *)dma_phys[i]); } else { dev_err(cma_dev, "no mem in CMA area\n"); ret = -ENOMEM; } break; } } return count; } static const struct file_operations cma_test_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .read = cma_test_read, .write = cma_test_write, }; static struct miscdevice cma_test_misc = { .name = "cma_test", .fops = &cma_test_fops, }; static int __init cma_test_init(void) { int ret = 0; ret = misc_register(&cma_test_misc); if (unlikely(ret)) { pr_err("failed to register cma test misc device!\n"); return ret; } cma_dev = cma_test_misc.this_device; cma_dev->coherent_dma_mask = ~0; _dev_info(cma_dev, "registered.\n"); return ret; } module_init(cma_test_init); static void __exit cma_test_exit(void) { misc_deregister(&cma_test_misc); } module_exit(cma_test_exit); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); MODULE_AUTHOR("Barry Song <21cnbao@gmail.com>"); MODULE_DESCRIPTION("kernel module to help the test of CMA"); MODULE_ALIAS("CMA test");申请内存：
# echo 0 > /dev/cma_test释放内存：
# cat /dev/cma_test参考链接：
[1] http://www.spinics.net/lists/arm-kernel/msg160854.html
[2] http://www.spinics.net/lists/arm-kernel/msg162063.html
[3] http://lwn.net/Articles/447405/