Cobra是一个用Go语言实现的命令行工具。并且现在正在被很多项目使用,例如:Kubernetes、Hugo和Github CLI等。通过使用Cobra,我们可以快速的创建命令行工具,特别适合写测试脚本,各种服
package main import ( "flag" "fmt" ) func main() { flag.Parse() args := flag.Args() if len(args) <= 0 { fmt.Println("Usage: admin-cli [command]") return } switch args[0] { case "help": // ... case "export": //... if len(args) == 3 { // 导出到文件 // todo } else if len(args) == 2 { // 导出... // todo } default: //... } }使用后
package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/spf13/cobra" "os" ) // rootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "api", Short: "A brief description of your application", Long: `A longer description `, } // 命令一 var mockMsgCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "mockMsg", Short: "批量发送测试文本消息", Long: ``, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("mockMsg called") }, } // 命令二 var exportCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "export", Short: "导出数据", Long: ``, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("export called") }, } func Execute() { err := rootCmd.Execute() if err != nil { os.Exit(1) } } func init() { rootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle") rootCmd.AddCommand(mockMsgCmd) rootCmd.AddCommand(exportCmd) exportCmd.Flags().StringP("out", "k", "./backup", "导出路径") } func main() { Execute() }
运行:
$ go run main.go A longer description Usage: api [command] Available Commands: completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell export 导出数据 help Help about any command mockMsg 批量发送测试文本消息 Flags: -h, --help help for api -t, --toggle Help message for toggle Use "api [command] --help" for more information about a command.
发现了吗?你不用再处理各种参数组合了,从此释放了出来,只需要写自己的业务逻辑即可! 基本概念 Cobra由三部分组成:
- 命令(Commands ):代表行为。命令是程序的中心点,程序的每个功能都应该可以通过命令进行交互,一个命令可以有任意个子命令。
- 参数(Args):命令的参数
- 标志(Flags):修饰命令。它修饰命令该如何完成。
$ ./appName command args --Flag如 hugo server --port=1313 :
- appName: hugo
- command: server
- flag: port
$ go get -u github.com/spf13/cobra@latest
导入即可:
import "github.com/spf13/cobra"命令行工具 建议安装命令行工具 `cobra-cli` ,以方便快速创建cobra项目,增加command等。
# 命令行工具 $ go install github.com/spf13/cobra-cli@latest
安装完成之后,执行 `cobra-cli --help` (请确保GOBIN已配置),输出下列信息则代表成功:
$ cobra-cli --help Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications. This application is a tool to generate the needed files to quickly create a Cobra application. Usage: cobra-cli [command] Available Commands: add Add a command to a Cobra Application completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell help Help about any command init Initialize a Cobra Application Flags: -a, --author string author name for copyright attribution (default "YOUR NAME") --config string config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml) -h, --help help for cobra-cli -l, --license string name of license for the project --viper use Viper for configuration Use "cobra-cli [command] --help" for more information about a command.
入门实践 新建cobra命令行程序 安装了cobra-cli工具之后,执行 init 初始化创建项目:
$ cobra-cli init
此时,在当前目录自动生成如下文件:
├── LICENSE ├── cmd │ └── root.go └── main.go
main.go:
package main import "tools/api/cmd" func main() { cmd.Execute() }
root.go(有删减):
package cmd import ( "fmt" "github.com/spf13/cobra" ) // rootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "api", Short: "A brief description of your application", Long: `A longer description `, //Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { // fmt.Println("api called") //}, } // Execute adds all child commands to the root command and sets flags appropriately. // This is called by main.main(). It only needs to happen once to the rootCmd. func Execute() { err := rootCmd.Execute() if err != nil { os.Exit(1) } } func init() { // 全局flag // rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is $HOME/.api.yaml)") // local flag,暂不知道用处 rootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle") }
此时运行,不用指定参数,会执行rootCmd,打印使用说明:
$ go build $ ./api
输出:
A longer description Usage: api [command] Available Commands: completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell help Help about any command Flags: -h, --help help for api -t, --toggle Help message for toggle Use "api [command] --help" for more information about a command.
命令构成 分析上面的默认输出:
- Available Commands:代表可以执行的命令。比如./api connect
- Flags:是参数。比如./api connect --ip=127.0.0.1:6379,--ip就是flag,127.0.0.1:6379就是flag的值。
$ cobra-cli add [command]
比如:
$ cobra-cli add mock-msg mockMsg created at /Users/xxx/repo/tools/api
此时,在cmd下会多一个文件(mock_msg.go),内容如下:
package cmd import ( "fmt" "github.com/spf13/cobra" ) var mockMsgCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "mockMsg", Short: "A brief description of your command", Long: `mock msg command`, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { fmt.Println("mockMsg called") }, } func init() { rootCmd.AddCommand(mockMsgCmd) }
再执行rootCmd:
$ go build $ ./api
会发现,多了一个命令:
// ... Available Commands: completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell help Help about any command mockMsg A brief description of your command // ...
执行mocMsg命令:
$ ./api mockMsg mockMsg called
此时,就可以在生成的 mock_msg.go: Run() 函数中,放你自己的业务逻辑代码了。 如何显示自己的命令用法 上面新增了一个命令mockMsg,通过 ./api help 打印了命令和help,但是 `Use` 里面指定的内容打印到哪里去了呢? 这个时候,需要针对Command在指定help,此时就能打印这个命令的具体用法了。
./api mockMsg help 批量生产mq消息 Usage: benchmark mockmsg [flags] Flags: -g, --goroutine int32 并发routine数量 (default 1) -h, --help help for mockmsg -p, --packet int32 每个routine一秒写入mq的数量 (default 20)
-g和-p是新增的2个flag:
func init() { mockmsgCmd.Flags().Int32P("goroutine", "g", 1, "并发routine数量") mockmsgCmd.Flags().Int32P("packet", "p", 20, "每个routine一秒写入mq的数量") rootCmd.AddCommand(mockmsgCmd) }
获取这2个值:
// mockmsgCmd represents the mockmsg command var mockmsgCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "mockmsg", Short: "批量生产mq消息", Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) { // 这里要写全名 g, _ := cmd.Flags().GetInt32("goroutine") p, _ := cmd.Flags().GetInt32("packet") fmt.Println("mockmsg called,flags:g=", g, ",p=", p, ",args:", args) }, }
执行:
$ go run main.go mockmsg -p 322 -g 5 args1 args2 mockmsg called,flags:g= 5 ,p= 322 ,args: [args1 args2]总结 我们通过一个例子,介绍了使用cobra带来的好处。通过一个完整的入门实践,演示了创建项目、添加命令和使用的一些示例,希望对你有所帮助! 参考:
- https://blog.csdn.net/qq_31639829/article/details/118889580
- https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server