JavaWeb中servlet、http、request详解【史上最全】

内容：

1. Servlet2. HTTP协议3. Request

Servlet：

1. 概念2. 步骤3. 执行原理4. 生命周期5. Servlet3.0 注解配置 *以上查看[https://blog.csdn.net/43531919/article/details/107955080]7. Servlet的体系结构 Servlet -- 接口 | GenericServlet -- 抽象类 | HttpServlet -- 抽象类 * GenericServlet：将Servlet接口中其他的方法做了默认空实现，只将service()方法作为抽象 * 将来定义Servlet类时，可以继承GenericServlet，实现service()方法即可import javax.servlet.GenericServlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/demo2")public class ServletDemo2 extends GenericServlet { @Override public void service(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException { System.out.println("demo2....."); }}* HttpServlet：对http协议的一种封装，简化操作 1. 定义类继承HttpServlet 2. 复写doGet/doPost方法import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/demo3")public class ServletDemo3 extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { System.out.println("doGet...."); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { System.out.println("doPost..."); }}8. Servlet相关配置 1. urlpartten:Servlet访问路径 1. 一个Servlet可以定义多个访问路径 ： @WebServlet({"/d4","/dd4","/ddd4"}) 2. 路径定义规则： 1. /xxx：路径匹配 2. /xxx/xxx:多层路径，目录结构 3. *.do：扩展名匹配 4. /*/** * Servlet路径配置 *///@WebServlet({"/d4","/dd4","/ddd4"})//@WebServlet("/user/demo4")//@WebServlet("/user/*")//@WebServlet("/*")@WebServlet("*.do")public class ServletDemo4 extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { System.out.println("demo4..."); System.out.println(req); }}

HTTP：

* 概念：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议 * 传输协议：定义了，客户端和服务器端通信时，发送数据的格式 * 特点： 1. 基于TCP/IP的高级协议 2. 默认端口号:80 3. 基于请求/响应模型的:一次请求对应一次响应 4. 无状态的：每次请求之间相互独立，不能交互数据 * 历史版本： * 1.0：每一次请求响应都会建立新的连接 * 1.1：复用连接* 请求消息数据格式 1. 请求行 请求方式 请求url 请求协议/版本 GET /login.html HTTP/1.1 * 请求方式： * HTTP协议有7中请求方式，常用的有2种 * GET： 1. 请求参数在请求行中，在url后。 2. 请求的url长度有限制的 3. 不太安全 * POST： 1. 请求参数在请求体中 2. 请求的url长度没有限制的 3. 相对安全 2. 请求头：客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息 请求头名称: 请求头值 * 常见的请求头： 1. User-Agent：浏览器告诉服务器，我访问你使用的浏览器版本信息 * 可以在服务器端获取该头的信息，解决浏览器的兼容性问题 2. Referer：http://localhost/login.html * 告诉服务器，我(当前请求)从哪里来？ * 作用： 1. 防盗链： 2. 统计工作： 3. 请求空行 空行，就是用于分割POST请求的请求头，和请求体的。 4. 请求体(正文)： * 封装POST请求消息的请求参数的 * 字符串格式： POST /login.html HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Referer: http://localhost/login.html Connection: keep-alive Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1 username=zhangsan * 响应消息数据格式

Request：

1. request对象和response对象的原理 1. request和response对象是由服务器创建的。我们来使用它们 2. request对象是来获取请求消息，response对象是来设置响应消息2. request对象继承体系结构： ServletRequest -- 接口 | 继承 HttpServletRequest -- 接口 | 实现 org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade 类(tomcat实现)3. request功能： 1. 获取请求消息数据 1. 获取请求行数据 * GET /day14/demo1?name=zhangsan HTTP/1.1 * 方法： 1. 获取请求方式 ：GET * String getMethod() 2. (*)获取虚拟目录：/day14 * String getContextPath() 3. 获取Servlet路径: /demo1 * String getServletPath() 4. 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan * String getQueryString() 5. (*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1 * String getRequestURI(): /day14/demo1 * StringBuffer getRequestURL() :http://localhost/day14/demo1 * URL:统一资源定位符 ： http://localhost/day14/demo1 中华人民共和国 * URI：统一资源标识符 : /day14/demo1 共和国 6. 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1 * String getProtocol() 7. 获取客户机的IP地址： * String getRemoteAddr()@WebServlet("/RequestDemo01")public class RequestDemo1 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //1. 获取请求方式 ：GET String method = request.getMethod(); System.out.println(method); //2.(*)获取虚拟目录：/day14 String contextPath = request.getContextPath(); System.out.println(contextPath); //3. 获取Servlet路径: /RequestDemo01 String servletPath = request.getServletPath(); System.out.println(servletPath); //4. 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan String queryString = request.getQueryString(); System.out.println(queryString); //5.(*)获取请求URI：/day14/RequestDemo01 String requestURI = request.getRequestURI(); StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL(); System.out.println(requestURI); System.out.println(requestURL);//http://localhost/day14/RequestDemo01 //6. 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1 String protocol = request.getProtocol(); System.out.println(protocol); //7. 获取客户机的IP地址：127.0.0.1(这里是本地) String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr(); System.out.println(remoteAddr); }}2. 获取请求头数据 * 方法： * (*)String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值 * Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称@WebServlet("/requestDemo2")public class RequestDemo2 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //演示获取请求头数据 //1.获取所有请求头名称 Enumeration<String> headerNames = request.getHeaderNames(); //2.遍历 while(headerNames.hasMoreElements()){ String name = headerNames.nextElement(); //根据名称获取请求头的值 String value = request.getHeader(name); System.out.println(name+"---"+value); } }}结果：host---localhostuser-agent---Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0accept---text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/ *;q=0.8accept-language---zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2accept-encoding---gzip, deflateconnection---keep-alivecookie---JSESSIONID=76FE63F52F35759669BF2FE47B6B9B35; Idea-d79e27c6=81701047-0ca2-4ac0-8f6d-8fe5835962f8; goSessionid=LX_aLkzZcB-ooCnYi0RVeATWzQkcA13Vahn-61YxjMg%3Dupgrade-insecure-requests---1@WebServlet("/requestDemo3")public class RequestDemo3 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //演示获取请求头数据:user-agent String agent = request.getHeader("user-agent"); //判断agent的浏览器版本 if(agent.contains("Chrome")){ //谷歌 System.out.println("谷歌来了..."); }else if(agent.contains("Firefox")){ //火狐 System.out.println("火狐来了..."); } }}

防盗链案例

@WebServlet("/requestDemo4")public classRequestDemo4 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //演示获取请求头数据:referer String referer = request.getHeader("referer"); System.out.println(referer);//http://localhost/day14/login.html //防盗链 if(referer != null ){ if(referer.contains("/day14")){ //正常访问 // System.out.println("播放电影...."); response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8"); response.getWriter().write("播放电影...."); }else{ //盗链 //System.out.println("想看电影吗？来优酷吧..."); response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8"); response.getWriter().write("想看电影吗？来优酷吧..."); } } }}3. 获取请求体数据: * 请求体：只有POST请求方式，才有请求体，在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数 * 步骤： 1. 获取流对象 * BufferedReader getReader()：获取字符输入流，只能操作字符数据 * ServletInputStream getInputStream()：获取字节输入流，可以操作所有类型数据 * 在文件上传知识点后讲解 2. 再从流对象中拿数据@WebServlet("/requestDemo5")public class RequestDemo5 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //获取请求消息体--请求参数 //1.获取字符流 BufferedReader br = request.getReader(); //2.读取数据 String line = null; while((line = br.readLine()) != null){ System.out.println(line);//username=dpx&password=1234 } } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { }}<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>注册页面</title></head><body> <form action="/day14/requestDemo5" method="post"> <input type="text" placeholder="请输入用户名" name="username"><br> <input type="text" placeholder="请输入密码" name="password"><br> <input type="submit" value="注册"> </form></body></html>2. 其他功能： 1. 获取请求参数通用方式：不论get还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数 1. String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值 username=zs&password=123 2. String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组 hobby=xx&hobby=game 3. Enumeration<String> getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称 4. Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合@WebServlet("/requestDemo6")public class RequestDemo6 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //post 获取请求参数 //根据参数名称获取参数值 String username = request.getParameter("username"); /* System.out.println("post"); System.out.println(username);*/ //zhangsan //根据参数名称获取参数值的数组 String[] hobbies = request.getParameterValues("hobby"); /*for (String hobby : hobbies) { System.out.println(hobby); //game study }*/ //获取所有请求的参数名称 Enumeration<String> parameterNames = request.getParameterNames(); /*while(parameterNames.hasMoreElements()){ String name = parameterNames.nextElement(); System.out.println(name); String value = request.getParameter(name); System.out.println(value); System.out.println("----------------"); }*/ // 获取所有参数的map集合 Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = request.getParameterMap(); //遍历 Set<String> keyset = parameterMap.keySet(); for (String name : keyset) { //获取键获取值 String[] values = parameterMap.get(name); System.out.println(name); for (String value : values) { System.out.println(value); } System.out.println("-----------------"); } } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(request,response); }}<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>注册页面</title></head><body> <form action="/day14/requestDemo6" method="post"> <input type="text" placeholder="请输入用户名" name="username"><br> <input type="text" placeholder="请输入密码" name="password"><br> <input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="game">游戏 <input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="study">学习 <br> <input type="submit" value="注册"> </form></body></html>* 中文乱码问题： * get方式：tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了 * post方式：会乱码 * 解决：在获取参数前，设置request的编码request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");@WebServlet("/requestDemo7")public class RequestDemo7 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //1.设置流的编码 request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");//编码方式和html页面上一样 //获取请求参数username String username = request.getParameter("username"); System.out.println(username); } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(request,response); }}2. 请求转发：一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式 1. 步骤： 1. 通过request对象获取请求转发器对象：RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path) 2. 使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发：forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) 2. (**)特点： 1. 浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化 2. 只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中。 3. 转发是一次请求 3. 共享数据： * 域对象：一个有作用范围的对象，可以在范围内共享数据 * request域：代表一次请求的范围，一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据 * 方法： 1. void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据 2. Object getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值 3. void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对@WebServlet("/requestDemo8")public class RequestDemo8 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { System.out.println("demo8888被访问了。。。"); //转发到demo9资源 //存储数据到request域中 request.setAttribute("msg","hello"); request.getRequestDispatcher("/requestDemo9").forward(request,response); //request.getRequestDispatcher("http://www.itcast.cn").forward(request,response); } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(request,response); }}@WebServlet("/requestDemo9")public class RequestDemo9 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //获取数据 Object msg = request.getAttribute("msg"); System.out.println(msg); System.out.println("demo9999被访问了。。。"); } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(request,response); }}结果：demo8888被访问了。。。hellodemo9999被访问了。。。4. 获取ServletContext： * ServletContext getServletContext()@WebServlet("/requestDemo10")public class RequestDemo10 extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext servletContext = request.getServletContext(); System.out.println(servletContext); } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doPost(request,response); }}