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MySQL中数据查询语句整理大全

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目录 一、基本概念(查询语句) ①基本语句 ②条件查询 二、总结 1、普通查询 2、去重查询(distinct) 3、排序查询(order by) 4、分组查询(group by) 5.等值查询 6.外连接查询 7.内连接查
目录
  • 一、基本概念(查询语句)
    • ①基本语句
    • ②条件查询
  • 二、总结
    • 1、普通查询
    • 2、去重查询(distinct)
    • 3、排序查询(order by)
    • 4、分组查询(group by)
    • 5.等值查询
    • 6.外连接查询
    • 7.内连接查询
    • 8.合并查询
  • 总结

    一、基本概念(查询语句)

    ①基本语句

    1、“select * from 表名;”,—可查询表中全部数据;

    2、“select 字段名 from 表名;”,—可查询表中指定字段的数据;

    3、“select distinct 字段名 from 表名;”,—可对表中数据进行去重查询。

    4、“select 字段名 from 表名 where 查询条件;”,—可根据条件查询表中指定字段的数据;

    ②条件查询

    1)比较运算符:>, <, >=, <=, =, !=, <>

    查询大于18岁的信息

    select * from students where age>18;
    select id, name,gender from students where age>18;

    查询小于18岁的信息

    select * from students where age<18;

    查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字

    select * from students where age=18;

    2)逻辑运算符:and, or, not

    –18到28之间的学生信息

    select * from students where age>18_and age<28:

    –18岁以上的女性

    select * from students where age>18 and gender="女";
    select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;

    –18以上或者身高查过180(包含)以上

    select * from students where age>18 or height>=180;

    不在18岁以上的女性这个范围内的信息

    select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);

    年龄不是小于或者等于18并且是女性

    select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;

    3)模糊查询:like, rlike

    % 替换1个或者多个

    _ 替换1个

    查询姓名中 以“小”开始的名字

    select name from students where name="小";
    select name from students where name like"小%";

    查询姓名中有“小”所有的名字

    select name from students whece name like "%小%";

    查询有2个字的名字

    select name from students where name like "__";

    查询有3个字的名字

    select name from students where name like "__";

    查询至少有2个字的名字 select name from

    students where name like "__%";

    rlike正则
    查询以周开始的姓名

    select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";

    查询以周开始、伦结尾的姓名

    select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";

    4)范围查询:in,not in,between…and,not between…and

    查询年龄为18、34的姓名

    select name, age from students where age=18 or age=34;
    select name,age from students where age in (18,34);

    not in不非连续的范围之内

    年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息

    select name,age from students where age not in (18,34);

    between … and …表示在一个连续的范围内

    查询年龄在18到34之间的的信息

    select name,age from students where age between 18 and 34;

    not between … and …表示不在一个连续的范围内

    查询年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息

    select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;

    空判断

    判空 is null

    查询身高为空的信息

    select *from students where height is null/NULL/Null;

    判非空is not null

    select * from students where height is not null;

    排序:order_by

    –查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性,按照年龄从小到大排序

    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1; 
    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age; 
    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;

    查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性,身高从高到矮排序

    select * from students where (age between18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;

    order by多个字段

    查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性,身高从高到矮排序,如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序

    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc;

    查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性,身高从高到矮排序,如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序

    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc, id desc;

    按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序

    select * from students order by age asc,height desc;

    分组:group_by, group_concat():查询内容, having

    where :是对整个数据表信息的判断;

    having:是对于分组后的数据进行判断

    –group by

    按照性别分组,查询所有的性别

    select gender from students group by gender; 

    –计算每种性别中的人数

    select gender, count(*) from students group by gender; 

    where是在group by 前面

    –计算男性的人数

    select count(*) from students where gender='男';

    –group_concat(…)

    查询同种性别中的姓名

    select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;

    having :having是在group by后面

    查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别,以及姓名

    select gender ,avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age) > 30; 

    查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息

    select gender,count(*) from students group by gender having count(*) > 2;

    – 查询每组性别的平均年龄

    select gender,avg(age) from students group by gender;

    分页: limit

    limit start,count   (start:表示从哪─个开始;count:表示数量)
    即limit(第N页-1)*每个的个数,每页的个数;
    limit在使用的时候,要放在最后面.
    

    限制查询出来的数据个数

    select *from students where gender=1 limit 2;

    查询前5个数据

    select* from students limit 0,5;

    查询id6-10(包含)的书序

    select * from students limit 5,5;

    每页显示2个,第1个页面

    select * from students limit 0,2;

    每页显示2个,第2个页面

    select * from students limit 2,2;

    每页显示2个,第3个页面

    select * from students limit 4,2;

    每页显示2个,第4个页面

    select * from students limit 6,2;

    每页显示2个,显示第6页的信息,按照年龄从小到大排序

    select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2; 

    – 如果重新排序了,那么会显示第一页

    select * from students where gender=2 order by height des limit 0,2;

    5)聚合函数:count(), max(), min(), sum(), avg(), round()

    聚合函数

    -总数-- count

    -查询男性有多少人,女性有多少人

    select count(*) from students where gender=1;
    select count(*) as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
    select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;

    -最大值-最小值

    – max --min

    一查询最大的年龄

    select max (age) from students;

    –查询女性的最高身高

    select max (height) from students where gender=2;

    -求和

    –sum

    -计算所有人的年龄总和

    select sum ( age) from students;

    –平均值

    – avg

    –计算平均年龄

    select avg(age) from students;

    –计算平均年龄

    select sum ( age) / count(* ) from students;

    –四舍五入round ( 123.23 ,_1)保留1位小数

    –计算所有人的平均年龄,保留2位小数

    select round (sum(age)/count(*),2) from students; select round ( sum(age)/count(*),3) from students ;

    –计算男性的平均身高保留2位小数

    select round(avg (height),2) from students where gender=1; select name,round(avg(height),2) from students where gender=1;

    6)连接查询 :inner join, left join, right join

    inner join

    select … from 表 A inner join表B;

    select * from students inner join classes;

    查询有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息

    select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id; 

    按照要求显示姓名、班级

    select students.*, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
    select students.name,classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id; 

    给数据表起名字

    select s.name,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

    查询有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息,显示学生的所有信息,只显示班级名称

    select s.*,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

    在以上的查询中,将班级姓名显示在第1列

    select c.name,s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

    查询有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息,按照班级进行排序

    select c.xxx s.xxx from student as s inner join clssses as c on … order by …;

    select c.name,s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;

    当时同一个班级的时候,按照学生的id进行从小到大排序

    select c.name,s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id;

    left join

    查询每位学生对应的班级信息

    select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

    查询没有对应班级信息的学生

    – select … from xxx as s left join xxx as c on… where …
    – select … from xxx as s left join xxx as c on… . … having …

    select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id having c.id is null;
    select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id where c.id is null;

    left join是按照左边的表为基准和右边的表进行查询,查到就显示,查不到就显示为null

    补充

    查询所有字段:select * from 表名; 
    查询指定字段:select 列1,列2,... from 表名; 
    使用 as 给字段起别名: select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名; 
    查询某个表的某个字段:select 表名.字段 .... from表名; 
    可以通过 as 给表起别名: select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名; 
    消除重复行: distinct 字段

    注意:WHERE子句中是不能用聚集函数作为条件表达式的!

    二、总结

    1、普通查询

    (1)命令:select * from <表名>;

    (2)命令:select <要查询的字段> from <表名>;

    2、去重查询(distinct)

    命令:select distinct <要查询的字段> from <表名>

    3、排序查询(order by)

    升序:asc

    降序:desc

    降序排列命令:select <要查询的字段名> from <表名> order by <要查询的字段名> desc

    不加desc一般默认为升序排列

    4、分组查询(group by)

    命令:select <按什么分的组>, Sum(score) from <表名> group by <按什么分的组>

    假设现在又有一个学生成绩表(result)。要求查询一个学生的总成绩。我们根据学号将他们分为了不同的组。

    命令:

    select id, Sum(score) 
    from result 
    group by id;
    

    现在有两个表学生表(stu)和成绩表(result)。

    5.等值查询

    当连接运算符为“=”时,为等值连接查询。

    现在要查询年龄小于20岁学生的不及格成绩。

    select stu.id,score 
    from stu,result 
    where stu.id = result.id and age < 20 and score < 60;
    

    等值查询效率太低

    6.外连接查询

    ①语法

    select f1,f2,f3,....
    from table1 left/right outer join table2
    on 条件;
    

    ②左外连接查询,例如

    select a.id,score
    from
      (select id,age from stu where age < 20) a (过滤左表信息)
    left join
      (select id, score from result where score < 60) b (过滤右表信息)
    on a.id = b.id;
    

    左外连接就是左表过滤的结果必须全部存在。如果存在左表中过滤出来的数据,右表没有匹配上,这样的话右表就会出现NULL;

    ③右外连接查询,例如

    select a.id,score
    from
      (select id,age from stu where age < 20) a (过滤左表信息)
    right join
      (select id, score from result where score < 60) b (过滤右表信息)
    on a.id = b.id;
    

    右外连接就是左表过滤的结果必须全部存在

    7.内连接查询

    ①语法

    select f1,f2,f3,....
    from table1 inter join table2
    on 条件;
    

    ②例如

    select a.id,score
    from
      (select id,age from stu where age < 20) a (过滤左表信息)
    inner join
      (select id, score from result where score < 60) b (过滤右表信息)
    on a.id = b.id;
    

    8.合并查询

    在图书表(t_book)和图书类别表(t_bookType)中

    ①.union

    使用union关键字是,数据库系统会将所有的查询结果合并到一起,然后去掉相同的记录;

    select id 
    from t_book  
     union 
    select id 
    from t_bookType;
    

    ②.union all

    使用union all,不会去除掉重复的记录;

    select id 
    from t_book  
     union all 
    select id 
    from t_bookType;
    

    总结

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