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Java开发学习----DI依赖注入之自动装配与集合注入

来源:互联网 收集:自由互联 发布时间:2022-09-02
一、自动配置 1.1 依赖自动装配 IoC容器根据bean所依赖的资源在容器中自动查找并注入到bean中的过程称为自动装配 1.2 自动装配方式 按类型(常用) 按名称 按构造方法 不启用自动装配

一、自动配置

1.1 依赖自动装配

  • IoC容器根据bean所依赖的资源在容器中自动查找并注入到bean中的过程称为自动装配

1.2 自动装配方式

  • 按类型(常用)

  • 按名称

  • 按构造方法

  • 不启用自动装配

1.3 环境准备

  • 创建一个Maven项目

  • pom.xml添加依赖

  • resources下添加spring的配置文件

最终项目的结构如下:

(1)项目中添加BookDao、BookDaoImpl、BookService和BookServiceImpl类

<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public interface BookDao { public void save(); } public class BookDaoImpl implements BookDao { private String databaseName; private int connectionNum; public void save() { System.out.println("book dao save ..."); } } public interface BookService { public void save(); } public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService{ private BookDao bookDao; public void setBookDao(BookDao bookDao) { this.bookDao = bookDao; } public void save() { System.out.println("book service save ..."); bookDao.save(); } }</pre>

(2)resources下提供spring的配置文件

<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="bookDao" class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/> <bean id="bookService" class="com.itheima.service.impl.BookServiceImpl"> <property name="bookDao" ref="bookDao"/> </bean> </beans></pre>

(3)编写AppForAutoware运行类,加载Spring的IOC容器,并从中获取对应的bean对象

<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public class AppForAutoware { public static void main( String[] args ) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); BookService bookService = (BookService) ctx.getBean("bookService"); bookService.save(); } }</pre>

1.4 完成自动装配的配置

接下来,在上面这个环境中来完成 自动装配 :

自动装配只需要修改applicationContext.xml配置文件即可:

(1)将 &lt;property&gt; 标签删除

(2)在 &lt;bean&gt; 标签中添加autowire属性

首先来实现按照类型注入的配置

<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/> <!--autowire属性:开启自动装配,通常使用按类型装配--> <bean id="bookService" class="com.itheima.service.impl.BookServiceImpl" autowire="byType"/> </beans></pre>

注意事项:

  • 需要注入属性的类中对应属性的setter方法不能省略

  • 被注入的对象必须要被Spring的IOC容器管理

  • 按照类型在Spring的IOC容器中如果找到多个对象,会报 NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException

一个类型在IOC中有多个对象,还想要注入成功,这个时候就需要按照名称注入,配置方式为:

<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/> <!--autowire属性:开启自动装配,通常使用按类型装配--> <bean id="bookService" class="com.itheima.service.impl.BookServiceImpl" autowire="byName"/> </beans></pre>

注意事项:

  • 按照名称注入中的名称指的是什么?

    • bookDao是private修饰的,外部类无法直接方法

    • 外部类只能通过属性的set方法进行访问

    • 对外部类来说,setBookDao方法名,去掉set后首字母小写是其属性名

      • 为什么是去掉set首字母小写?

      • 这个规则是set方法生成的默认规则,set方法的生成是把属性名首字母大写前面加set形成的方法名
    • 所以按照名称注入,其实是和对应的set方法有关,但是如果按照标准起名称,属性名和set对应的名是一致的
  • 如果按照名称去找对应的bean对象,找不到则注入Null

  • 当某一个类型在IOC容器中有多个对象,按照名称注入只找其指定名称对应的bean对象,不会报错

两种方式介绍完后,以后用的更多的是 按照类型 注入。

最后对于依赖注入,需要注意一些其他的配置特征:

  • 自动装配用于引用类型依赖注入,不能对简单类型进行操作

  • 使用按类型装配时(byType)必须保障容器中相同类型的bean唯一,推荐使用

  • 使用按名称装配时(byName)必须保障容器中具有指定名称的bean,因变量名与配置耦合,不推荐使用

  • 自动装配优先级低于setter注入与构造器注入,同时出现时自动装配配置失效
  • 二、集合注入

    上一篇博客我们已经能完成引入数据类型和简单数据类型的注入,但是还有一种数据类型 集合 ,集合中既可以装简单数据类型也可以装引用数据类型,对于集合,在Spring中该如何注入呢?

    常见的集合类型有如下几种

    • 数组

    • List

    • Set

    • Map

    • Properties

    针对不同的集合类型,该如何实现注入呢?

    2.1 环境准备

    • 创建一个Maven项目

    • pom.xml添加依赖

    • resources下添加spring的配置文件applicationContext.xml

    最终项目的结构如下:

    (1)项目中添加添加BookDao、BookDaoImpl类

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs cs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public interface BookDao { public void save(); } public class BookDaoImpl implements BookDao { public class BookDaoImpl implements BookDao { private int[] array; private List<String> list; private Set<String> set; private Map<String,String> map; private Properties properties; public void save() { System.out.println("book dao save ..."); System.out.println("遍历数组:" + Arrays.toString(array)); System.out.println("遍历List" + list); System.out.println("遍历Set" + set); System.out.println("遍历Map" + map); System.out.println("遍历Properties" + properties); } //setter....方法省略,自己使用工具生成 }</pre>

    (2)resources下提供spring的配置文件,applicationContext.xml

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="bookDao" class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/> </beans></pre>

    (3)编写AppForDICollection运行类,加载Spring的IOC容器,并从中获取对应的bean对象

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public class AppForDICollection { public static void main( String[] args ) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); BookDao bookDao = (BookDao) ctx.getBean("bookDao"); bookDao.save(); } }</pre>

    接下来,在上面这个环境中来完成 集合注入 :

    下面的所以配置方式,都是在bookDao的bean标签中使用 <property> 进行注入

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="bookDao" class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"> </bean> </beans></pre>

    2.2 注入数组类型

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="array"> <array> <value>100</value> <value>200</value> <value>300</value> </array> </property></pre>

    2.3 注入List类型

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="list"> <list> <value>itcast</value> <value>itheima</value> <value>boxuegu</value> <value>chuanzhihui</value> </list> </property></pre>

    2.4 注入Set类型

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="set"> <set> <value>itcast</value> <value>itheima</value> <value>boxuegu</value> <value>boxuegu</value> </set> </property></pre>

    2.5 注入Map类型

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="map"> <map> <entry key="country" value="china"/> <entry key="province" value="henan"/> <entry key="city" value="kaifeng"/> </map> </property></pre>

    2.6 注入Properties类型

    <pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, &quot;Courier New&quot;, monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="properties"> <props> <prop key="country">china</prop> <prop key="province">henan</prop> <prop key="city">kaifeng</prop> </props> </property></pre>

    说明:

    • property标签表示setter方式注入,构造方式注入constructor-arg标签内部也可以写 &lt;array&gt; 、 &lt;list&gt; 、 &lt;set&gt; 、 &lt;map&gt; 、 &lt;props&gt; 标签

    • List的底层也是通过数组实现的,所以 &lt;list&gt; 和 &lt;array&gt; 标签是可以混用

    • 集合中要添加引用类型,只需要把 &lt;value&gt; 标签改成 &lt;ref&gt; 标签,这种方式用的比较少
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